Animal Models of Colorectal Cancer: From Spontaneous to Genetically Engineered Models and Their Applications.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies in humans, affecting approximately 1.8 million people worldwide. This disease has a major social impact and high treatment costs. Animal models allow us to understand and follow the colon cancer progression; thus, in vivo studies are essential to improve and discover new ways of prevention and treatment. Dietary natural products have been under investigation for better and natural prevention, envisioning to show their potential. This manuscript intends to provide the readers a review of rodent colorectal cancer models available in the literature, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their potential in the evaluation of several drugs and natural compounds' effects on colorectal cancer.

Perception of sleep duration in adult patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnea.

PURPOSE: Discrepancies between subjective and objective measures of total sleep time (TST) are frequent among insomnia patients, but this issue remains scarcely investigated in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We aimed to evaluate if sleep perception is affected by the severity of OSA. METHODS: We performed a 3-month cross-sectional study of Brazilian adults undergoing overnight polysomnography (PSG). TST was objectively assessed from PSG and by a self-reported questionnaire (subjective measurement). Sleep perception index (SPI) was defined by the ratio of subjective and objective values. Diagnosis of OSA was based on an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5.0/h, being its severity classified according to AHI thresholds: 5.0-14.9/h (mild OSA), 15.0-29.9/h (moderate OSA), and ≥ 30.0/h (severe OSA). RESULTS: Overall, 727 patients were included (58.0% males). A significant difference was found in SPI between non-OSA and OSA groups (p = 0.014). Mean SPI values significantly decreased as the OSA severity increased: without OSA (100.1 ± 40.9%), mild OSA (95.1 ± 24.6%), moderate OSA (93.5 ± 25.2%), and severe OSA (90.6 ± 28.2%), p = 0.036. Using logistic regression, increasing SPI was associated with a reduction in the likelihood of presenting any OSA (p = 0.018), moderate/severe OSA (p = 0.019), and severe OSA (p = 0.028). However, insomnia was not considered as an independent variable for the presence of any OSA, moderate/severe OSA, and severe OSA (all p-values > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In a clinical referral cohort, SPI significantly decreases with increasing OSA severity, but is not modified by the presence of insomnia symptoms.

Nasal versus oronasal mask in patients under auto-adjusting continuous positive airway pressure titration: a real-life study.

PURPOSE: Mask type (nasal versus oronasal) can affect the optimal pressure required to correct the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) subjects treated with CPAP. Our objective was to evaluate if mask type influenced CPAP titration outcomes in OSA patients. METHODS: A retrospective study of individuals with a baseline AHI ≥ 15.0/h, who received an auto-adjusting CPAP titrating device (S9 AutoSet ResMed®) in a sleep-lab setting. The mask type oronasal (OM) or nasal (NM) was always selected by the patients. Optimal pressure requirements, leak, and residual AHI were compared based on mask type. RESULTS: Overall, 436 patients were included: 283 with NM (64.9%) and 153 with OM (35.1%). At baseline, NM and OM cohorts had similar AHI (p = 0.160). Patients allocated to the OM cohort had a higher 95th percentile pressure, a higher 95th percentile leak, and a higher residual AHI than those with a NM: pressure requirement: 12.9 cm H2O (IQR: 10.6-15.0) versus 10.7 cm H2O (IQR: 9.2-12.3); leak: 21.6 L/min (IQR: 9.6-37.2) versus 9.6 L/min (IQR: 3.6-19.2); and residual AHI: 4.9/h (IQR: 2.4-10.2) versus 2.2/h (IQR: 1.0-4.4), respectively (p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: CPAP mask type based on individual preferences exerts profound effects on optimal CPAP pressures and efficacy. Patients titrated with OM showed higher pressure requirements, had higher a leak, and higher residual AHI when compared to NM, which may adversely impact treatment adherence and other health outcomes.