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Zinc and boron are nutrients that often suffer low bioavailability to pecan trees grown in calcareous soils whereas adequate supplies of these two elements is essential for commercial pecan production. Working with young pecan trees, we evaluated changes in oxidative metabolism, levels of bioactive compounds, yield components and foliar nutrient concentrations in response to foliar sprays (50 or 100 mg L-1) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and boron (H3BO3). Four different treatment solutions were applied in a completely randomised design with six replications per treatment (24 trees in total). Zinc and B treatments were applied before pistil receptivity (3 weeks before anthesis) and at stem elongation stage 31, 39/60; flowering stage 69; fruit stages 7-75 and continued for a total of five applications at 14-day intervals. We evaluated enzyme activities (SOD, H2O2, CAT and GPx), AC, phenols, flavonoids, leaf area, chlorophyll, total anthocyanins and nut yield and quality (nut weight and % kernel). The mineral concentrations in the leaflets were also determined. The mineral concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and B) in the leaflets were also determined. Spraying ZnO NPs and B increased SOD activity, CA, chlorophyll concentration, mineral nutrients (N, K, Ca, Zn and B) and yield. However, reductions were observed for CAT activity, nut quality and concentrations of phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and Fe. Boron increased GPx activity and P concentration. These results demonstrate that spraying low doses (50 mg L-1) of ZnO NPs and B can help reduce oxidative stress and increase yield, nut quality and leaf concentrations of Zn and B in young cv. Wichita pecan trees established on a calcareous soil.
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Inhibition along the auditory pathway is crucial for processing of acoustic information. Within the auditory thalamus, a key region in the central auditory pathway, inhibition is provided by the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), comprised of two large classes of inhibitory neurons, parvalbumin (PV TRN ) and somatostatin (SST TRN ) positive. In the auditory cortex, PV and SST neurons differentially shape auditory processing. We found that the ventral MGB, the thalamic region in the direct ascending auditory pathway, receives inputs predominantly from PV TRN neurons, whereas SST TRN neurons project to the dorso-medial regions of MGB. Consistently, inactivating PV TRN neurons increased sound-evoked activity in over a third of neurons in the vMGB, with another large fraction of neurons being suppressed. By contrast, inactivating SST TRN neuronal activity largely reduced tone-evoked activity in vMGB neurons. Cell type-specific computational models revealed candidate circuit mechanisms for generating the bi-directional effects of TRN inactivation on MGB sound responses. These differential inhibitory pathways within the auditory thalamus suggest a cell-specific role for thalamic inhibition in auditory computation and behavior.
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The soil is a vital resource that hosts many microorganisms crucial in biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem health. However, human activities such as the use of metal nanoparticles (MNPs), pesticides and the impacts of global climate change (GCCh) can significantly affect soil microbial communities (SMC). For many years, pesticides and, more recently, nanoparticles have contributed to sustainable agriculture to ensure continuous food production to sustain the significant growth of the world population and, therefore, the demand for food. Pesticides have a recognized pest control capacity. On the other hand, nanoparticles have demonstrated a high ability to improve water and nutrient retention, promote plant growth, and control pests. However, it has been reported that their accumulation in agricultural soils can also adversely affect the environment and soil microbial health. In addition, climate change, with its variations in temperature and extreme water conditions, can lead to drought and increased soil salinity, modifying both soil conditions and the composition and function of microbial communities. Abiotic stressors can interact and synergistically or additively affect soil microorganisms, significantly impacting soil functioning and the capacity to provide ecosystem services. Therefore, this work reviewed the current scientific literature to understand how multiple stressors interact and affect the SMC. In addition, the importance of molecular tools such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, proteomics, or metabolomics in the study of the responses of SMC to exposure to multiple abiotic stressors was examined. Future research directions were also proposed, focusing on exploring the complex interactions between stressors and their long-term effects and developing strategies for sustainable soil management. These efforts will contribute to the preservation of soil health and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices.
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Mudança Climática , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Praguicidas , Microbiologia do Solo , Nanopartículas Metálicas/toxicidade , Poluentes do Solo , Solo/química , Ecossistema , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , Agricultura/métodosRESUMO
Wildlife trafficking creates favorable scenarios for intra- and inter-specific interactions that can lead to parasite spread and disease emergence. Among the fauna affected by this activity, primates are relevant due to their potential to acquire and share zoonoses - infections caused by parasites that can spread between humans and other animals. Though it is known that most primate parasites can affect multiple hosts and that many are zoonotic, comparative studies across different contexts for animal-human interactions are scarce. We conducted a multi-parasite screening targeting the detection of zoonotic infections in wild-caught monkeys in nine Peruvian cities across three contexts: captivity (zoos and rescue centers, n = 187); pet (households, n = 69); and trade (trafficked or recently confiscated, n = 132). We detected 32 parasite taxa including mycobacteria, simian foamyvirus, bacteria, helminths, and protozoa. Monkeys in the trade context had the highest prevalence of hemoparasites (including Plasmodium malariae/brasilianum, Trypanosoma cruzi, and microfilaria) and enteric helminths and protozoa were less common in pet monkeys. However, parasite communities showed overall low variation between the three contexts. Parasite richness (PR) was best explained by host genus and the city where the animal was sampled. Squirrel (genus Saimiri) and wooly (genus Lagothrix) monkeys had the highest PR, which was ~2.2 times the PR found in tufted capuchins (genus Sapajus) and tamarins (genus Saguinus/Leontocebus) in a multivariable model adjusted for context, sex, and age. Our findings illustrate that the threats of wildlife trafficking to One Health encompass exposure to multiple zoonotic parasites well-known to cause disease in humans, monkeys, and other species. We demonstrate these threats continue beyond the markets where wildlife is initially sold; monkeys trafficked for the pet market remain a reservoir for and contribute to the translocation of zoonotic parasites to households and other captive facilities where contact with humans is frequent. Our results have practical applications for the healthcare of rescued monkeys and call for urgent action against wildlife trafficking and ownership of monkeys as pets.
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Helmintos , Parasitos , Plasmodium , Humanos , Animais , Peru/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Animais Selvagens/microbiologia , Haplorrinos , SaguinusRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of alfalfa grazing during 8 h continuous or partitioned in 2 separated sessions of 4 h after each milking, on nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, feeding behavior, milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile, in late-lactation cows fed a partial mixed ration (PMR). Twelve dairy cows (193 ± 83 d in milk, 584 ± 71 kg of body weight) were housed in individual outdoor pens and assigned to treatments according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design replicated 4 times. The treatments were as follows: (1) control (T0), cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) provided ad libitum 20.0% crude protein (CP), 32.2% neutral detergent fiber (NDF); (2) fed a diet combining a PMR which had the same ingredient composition as the TMR (60% of ad libitum intake) + 1 session of 8 h of pasture (T8), continuous grazing alfalfa (Medicago sativa; 20.6% CP, 35.8% NDF) after the p.m. milking; and (3) PMR (60% of ad libitum intake) + 2 daily sessions of 4 h of access to pasture after each milking (T4+4). The experiment lasted 57 d and was divided into 3 periods of 19 d each. The first 12 d of each period was used for diet adaptation, and the last 7 d was used for data collection. No differences among treatments were observed for any of the productive variables, feeding efficiency, or purine derivatives excretion. Cows in T0 had greater intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and nonfibrous carbohydrates compared with T4+4 and T8. Compared with T0, alfalfa grazing increased the concentration of C18:1 trans-11 and decreased those of C16:0 and C17:0 in milk fat. Cows in T4+4 consumed 1.1 more kg DM/d of alfalfa and N provided by alfalfa in the diet was 3 percentage points higher compared with T8 cows (266 vs. 229 g/d, respectively). In addition, T4+4 cows had a greater daily range of ruminal pH than T8 (0.73 vs. 0.93), and the highest concentrations of NH3-N were recorded during the a.m. grazing session while in T8 cows it occurred during the night. In conclusion, including 8 h of alfalfa grazing in T8 and T4+4 treatments allowed the substitution between 35.8 and 38.7% of the total dry matter intake (DMI) of a PMR (with a similar CP concentration to alfalfa) for pasture, maintaining milk solids production and increasing the C18:1 trans-11 of milk fat compared with a TMR in mid late-lactation cows. In an herbage plus PMR diet, splitting the 1 continuous grazing session of 8 h into 2 sessions of 4 h increased the proportion of energy and N provided by alfalfa pasture and reduced PMR intake, without modifying the total nutrient intake or productive performance of cows.
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Medicago sativa , Leite , Feminino , Bovinos , Animais , Leite/química , Lactação , Dieta/veterinária , Digestão , Rúmen/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , FermentaçãoRESUMO
The objective of the study was to determine if a feeding system with a variable supply of grass promoted rapid changes in the fatty acid profile and technological and health indices of milk obtained from North American (NAHF) and New Zealand (NZHF) Holstein-Friesian cows. Two feeding strategies were conducted: fixed grass (GFix) and maximized grass intake when available (GMax). The results showed that as the grass intake increased in the GMax treatments, the relative amount of palmitic acid in milk decreased, whereas oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and conjugated linoleic acids increased, causing a reduction in the atherogenic, thrombogenic, and spreadability calculated indices. The changes occurred in rapid response to the changing diet, with reductions ranging from approximately 5 to 15% in the healthy and technological indices within a period of 15 d of grass intake increase. Differences were found between the 2 genotypes, with NZHF responding faster to changes in grass intake.
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Background: In Mexico less than half of the treated hypertensive patients reach blood pressure (BP) targets. Most hypertensive individuals rely on the standard medical care (SMC) to achieve the BP control goals; however, the efficacy of BP telemonitoring (BPT) to achieve BP targets has been poorly studied. Aim: To compare the efficacy of BPT versus SMC to achieve BP goals in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Methods: A two-arm, open-label clinical trial was conducted in patients ≥18 years with uncontrolled hypertension. The participants were randomized to 2 arms (BPT vs SMC) and followed for 12 weeks. For the statistical analysis, the chi-squared test and covariance were used. Results: One hundred and seventy-eight participants were included, BPT (n = 94) and SMC (n = 84), after 12 weeks of follow up, we observed a baseline-adjusted reduction in systolic BP with both BPT (-13.5 [1.3]â mmHg) and the SMC (-5.9 [1.4]â mmHg; p < 0.001) but a greater decrease with BPT (p < 0.001). Likewise, we found a baseline-adjusted reduction of diastolic BP with BPT (-6.9 [0.9]â mmHg) and SMC (-2.7 [0.9]â mmHg) (p = 0.007) with a more significant percentage change from baseline with BPT (-6.8% [1.0] vs 2.5% [1.1]; p = 0.007). In the BPT arm, a larger proportion of patients achieved the BP target versus SMC (30.5% vs 12.8%; p = 0.005). Conclusion: BPT showed a greater proportion of patients achieving office BP control goals (<140/90â mmHg), compared to standard medical care.
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This study focuses on the radiolysis (up to 36 kGy) of guanine and adenine (nitrogenous bases) adsorbed in hectorite and attapulgite to highlight the potential role of clays as protective agents against ionizing radiation in prebiotic processes. In this framework, the study investigated the nitrogenous bases' behavior in two types of systems: a) aqueous suspension of adenine-clay systems and b) guanine-clay systems in the solid state. This research utilized spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques for its analytical purposes. Regardless of the reaction medium conditions, the results reveal that nitrogenous bases are stable under ionizing irradiation when adsorbed on both clays.
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Newborn ruminants depend on colostrum intake immediately after birth to obtain immunoglobulins for effective transfer of passive immunity (TPI). As colostrum may also be a vehicle of infectious agents, heat treatment of raw colostrum is a practice aimed at eliminating or reducing its pathogen load. Despite the usefulness of heat treatment in preventing the transmission of infectious colostrum-borne diseases, heat treatment of colostrum may have some side effects. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to summarize the effects of colostrum heat treatment on colostral viscosity and IgG concentration, and serum IgG concentration as a proxy for TPI in newborn calves fed raw versus heat-treated colostrum. Moderators were studied to identify sources of heterogeneity. Literature databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles published between 1946 and 2022. A Master of Science thesis was also included. Five, 21, and 19 original publications were quantitatively evaluated in 3 separate meta-analyses, based on predefined selection criteria. Two-level and 3-level random-effects meta-analysis revealed a significant overall effect of heat treatment on colostral viscosity and IgG concentration, and serum IgG concentration in newborns. Heat-treated colostrum had significantly higher viscosity (21.0 cP, 95% CI: 3.8 to 38.2) and lower IgG concentration (-7.4 g/L, 95% CI: -11.1 to -3.7) compared with raw colostrum. Overall, newborn calves fed heat-treated colostrum had higher serum IgG concentrations (2.8 g/L, 95% CI: 1.4 to 4.0) 24-48 h after birth than those fed with raw colostrum. Particularly, this positive effect on the serum IgG concentrations was seen when colostrum was heat-treated at ≤60°C (2.9 g/L, 95% CI: 0.9 to 4.2) and when the standard low-temperature low-time (LTLT) method was used for heat treatment (2.6 g/L, 95% CI: 0.1 to 5.1). Colostrum treated at >60-63.5°C tended to have higher viscosity (275.6 cP, 95% CI: -37.9 to 589.3) and had lower IgG concentration (-21.7 g/L, 95% CI: -27.3 to -16.1). Calves fed colostrum treated at this temperature range had significantly lower serum IgG (-4.2 g/L, 95% CI: -7.9 to -0.4) compared with those fed raw colostrum. Heat treatment of colostrum at 72-76°C was not associated with a significant increase in colostral viscosity (6.3 cP, 95% CI: -324.3 to 336.9) nor a reduction in IgG colostral concentration (-13.1 g/L, 95% CI: -26.5 to 0.2), but calves fed colostrum treated at this temperature range had a significant reduction in serum IgG (-11.3 g/L, 95% CI: -17.1 to -5.4). Feeding newborn calves with colostrum heat-treated at ≤60°C by the standard LTLT method, particularly within 2 h after birth, resulted in increased serum IgG concentration at 24-48 h of age. Importantly, delaying feeding of heat-treated colostrum to newborns beyond 2 h of age resulted in no significant difference in IgG serum levels compared with feeding raw colostrum, highlighting the importance of early administration of heat-treated colostrum to favor TPI. On-farm colostrum heat treating should achieve an equilibrium between pathogen elimination and the preservation of colostral immunoglobulins while minimizing undesired increases in viscosity. The beneficial effects of colostrum heat treatment on TPI can be negligible if colostrum feeding is not performed within 2 h after birth.
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Colostro , Imunoglobulina G , Feminino , Gravidez , Animais , Bovinos , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Temperatura Alta , ViscosidadeRESUMO
Introducción: Se buscó determinar el tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio del tratamiento con fármacos antiparkinsonianos hasta la modificación en la terapia y establecer sus factores relacionados en un grupo de pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson de Colombia. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva que recolectó información sobre el tratamiento de pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson que iniciaron terapia farmacológica entre junio de 2011 y diciembre de 2013; se realizó seguimiento a cinco años. Se generaron análisis de sobrevida para el tiempo trascurrido hasta la modificación de la terapia y se determinaron los factores relacionados con estos cambios utilizando modelos de regresión de Cox. Resultados: Un total de 3.224 pacientes (51,8%, hombres), con edad media de 73,1 ± 13,5 años, iniciaron tratamiento con fármacos antiparkinsonianos. Después de cinco años, 2.046 pacientes (63,5%) tuvieron modificaciones en la terapia farmacológica, con un promedio de tiempo de 36,4 meses (intervalo de confianza al 95%: 35,7-37,1). Un total de 1.216 pacientes (37,8%) requirió adición de otro principio activo, mientras que 830 (25,7%) tuvieron un cambio por otro medicamento. En el análisis multivariado, el sexo masculino, la edad mayor de 65 años y el inicio de amantadina se identificaron como factores que aumentaron la probabilidad de modificar la terapia. El uso de bromocriptina y biperideno, y la monoterapia como tratamiento inicial redujeron dicho riesgo. Conclusión: Después de cinco años de tratamiento, el 63,5% de los pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson requirió modificaciones de la terapia, con un tiempo promedio de tres años. El sexo masculino, la edad mayor de 65 años y recibir terapia inicial con amantadina afectaron a la probabilidad de cambio de terapia en estos pacientes en Colombia.(AU)
Introduction: The aim was to determine the time elapsed between the start of treatment with antiparkinsonian agents and the modification of the pharmacological therapy, and to establish its related factors, in a group of patients with Parkinsons disease from Colombia. Patients and methods: Retrospective cohort study that collected information about the treatment of patients with Parkinsons disease who started drug therapy between June, 2011 and December, 2013; a five-year follow-up was performed. Survival analyses for time to therapy modification were generated, and factors related to these changes were determined using Cox regression models. Results: A total of 3,224 patients (51.8% men) with a mean age of 73.1 ± 13.5 years started treatment with antiparkinsonian agents. After five years, 2,046 patients (63.5%) had modifications in drug therapy, in a mean time of 36.4 months (95% confidence interval: 35.7-37.1). A total of 1,216 patients (37.8%) required the addition of another active principle, while 830 (25.7%) had a switch to another drug. In the multivariate analysis, male sex, age over 65 years, and the start of amantadine were identified as factors that increased the likelihood of therapy modification. The use of bromocriptine, biperiden, and monotherapy as an initial treatment were associated with a reduction in this likelihood. Conclusions: After five years of treatment, 63.5% of the patients with Parkinsons disease required modifications to their therapy, with a mean time of three years. Male sex, age over 65 years, and receiving initial therapy with amantadine affected the likelihood of switching therapy in these patients in Colombia.(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Antiparkinsonianos , Doença de Parkinson , Tratamento Farmacológico , Transtornos dos Movimentos , Colômbia , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The aim was to determine the time elapsed between the start of treatment with antiparkinsonian agents and the modification of the pharmacological therapy, and to establish its related factors, in a group of patients with Parkinson's disease from Colombia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study that collected information about the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease who started drug therapy between June, 2011 and December, 2013; a five-year follow-up was performed. Survival analyses for time to therapy modification were generated, and factors related to these changes were determined using Cox regression models. RESULTS: A total of 3,224 patients (51.8% men) with a mean age of 73.1 ± 13.5 years started treatment with antiparkinsonian agents. After five years, 2,046 patients (63.5%) had modifications in drug therapy, in a mean time of 36.4 months (95% confidence interval: 35.7-37.1). A total of 1,216 patients (37.8%) required the addition of another active principle, while 830 (25.7%) had a switch to another drug. In the multivariate analysis, male sex, age over 65 years, and the start of amantadine were identified as factors that increased the likelihood of therapy modification. The use of bromocriptine, biperiden, and monotherapy as an initial treatment were associated with a reduction in this likelihood. CONCLUSIONS: After five years of treatment, 63.5% of the patients with Parkinson's disease required modifications to their therapy, with a mean time of three years. Male sex, age over 65 years, and receiving initial therapy with amantadine affected the likelihood of switching therapy in these patients in Colombia.
TITLE: Tiempo hasta la modificación de la terapia antiparkinsoniana en un grupo de pacientes de Colombia.Introducción. Se buscó determinar el tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio del tratamiento con fármacos antiparkinsonianos hasta la modificación en la terapia y establecer sus factores relacionados en un grupo de pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson de Colombia. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva que recolectó información sobre el tratamiento de pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson que iniciaron terapia farmacológica entre junio de 2011 y diciembre de 2013; se realizó seguimiento a cinco años. Se generaron análisis de sobrevida para el tiempo trascurrido hasta la modificación de la terapia y se determinaron los factores relacionados con estos cambios utilizando modelos de regresión de Cox. Resultados. Un total de 3.224 pacientes (51,8%, hombres), con edad media de 73,1 ± 13,5 años, iniciaron tratamiento con fármacos antiparkinsonianos. Después de cinco años, 2.046 pacientes (63,5%) tuvieron modificaciones en la terapia farmacológica, con un promedio de tiempo de 36,4 meses (intervalo de confianza al 95%: 35,7-37,1). Un total de 1.216 pacientes (37,8%) requirió adición de otro principio activo, mientras que 830 (25,7%) tuvieron un cambio por otro medicamento. En el análisis multivariado, el sexo masculino, la edad mayor de 65 años y el inicio de amantadina se identificaron como factores que aumentaron la probabilidad de modificar la terapia. El uso de bromocriptina y biperideno, y la monoterapia como tratamiento inicial redujeron dicho riesgo. Conclusión. Después de cinco años de tratamiento, el 63,5% de los pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson requirió modificaciones de la terapia, con un tiempo promedio de tres años. El sexo masculino, la edad mayor de 65 años y recibir terapia inicial con amantadina afectaron a la probabilidad de cambio de terapia en estos pacientes en Colombia.
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Doença de Parkinson , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Colômbia , Antiparkinsonianos/uso terapêutico , Amantadina/uso terapêutico , Levodopa/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors are rare diseases that, under certain conditions, can be treated with somatostatin analogs. The aim was to determine the prescription patterns of somatostatin analogs in a group of patients with acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors affiliated with the Colombian Health System. METHODS: A retrospective study. A cohort of patients from a drug dispensing database that collected all prescriptions of long-acting somatostatin analogs (octreotide, lanreotide, pasireotide). Sociodemographic variables, clinical variables (diagnosis and comorbidities) and pharmacological therapy variables (dose, changes, persistence of use, comedications) were considered. RESULTS: A total of 213 patients were identified, including 139 (65.3%) with acromegaly and 74 (34.7%) with neuroendocrine tumors. There was a predominance of women (58.7%) and a mean age of 59.7 ± 14.5 years. The most commonly used medications were lanreotide autogel (n = 107; 50.2%), octreotide LAR (n = 102; 47.9%) and pasireotide LAR (n = 4; 1.9%). During follow-up, 11.3% of patients experienced modifications of therapy, with a mean duration from the beginning of treatment to the change in medication of 25 ± 15.9 months. A total of 48.9% of the patients with acromegaly and 87.1% of individuals with neuroendocrine tumors received maximum approved doses of the drug. CONCLUSION: Patients with acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors in Colombia are mainly women and are most frequently treated with lanreotide autogel for acromegaly and with octreotide LAR for neuroendocrine tumors. In addition, a high proportion are managed with maximum doses of long-acting somatostatin analogs.
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Acromegalia , Tumores Neuroendócrinos , Peptídeos Cíclicos , Somatostatina , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Acromegalia/tratamento farmacológico , Acromegalia/induzido quimicamente , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/tratamento farmacológico , Octreotida/uso terapêutico , Peptídeos Cíclicos/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Somatostatina/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
Resumen: Estudio transversal-retrospectivo con 120 radiografías pélvicas anteroposteriores. Se tomaron ocho mediciones por tres evaluadores en dos tiempos para calcular índices morfológico cortical (IMC), corticometafisario (ICM) y corticodiafisario (ICD). Se evaluó la reproducibilidad intra e interobservador con el método de Bland-Altman y se predijo la ocurrencia de fracturas comparando puntos de corte entre evaluadores maximizando sensibilidad/especificidad. La proporción de medidas fuera de ± 2 DE fue similar para diámetros/corticales (~5%), pero superó 1 mm en algunas corticales, representando 10-20% de distancias < 1 cm. El punto de corte fluctuó de 2.45 a 2.53 para IMC (3% diferencia), de 0.37 a 0.41 para ICD (12%) y de 0.23 a 0.33 para ICM (44%).
Abstract: Cross-sectional-retrospective study with 120 anteroposterior pelvic radiographs. Eight measurements were taken by three raters in two times to calculate the morphological-cortical (MCI), cortico-metaphyseal (CMI), and cortico-diaphysaire (CDI) indices. Intra/interobserver reproducibility was evaluated with the Bland-Altman method, and hip fracture occurrence was predicted by comparing cut-off points between raters maximizing sensitivity/specificity. The proportion of measurements outside ± 2 SD was similar for diameters/corticals (~5%), but exceeded 1 mm in some corticals, representing 10-20% of distances < 1 cm. Cut-off points fluctuated between 2.45 and 2.53 for MCI (3% difference), between 0.37 and 0.41 for CMI (12% difference), and between 0.23 and 0.33 for CDI (44% difference).
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BACKGROUND Pediatric household contacts (HHCs) of patients with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) are at high risk of infection and active disease. Evidence of caregiver willingness to give MDR-TB preventive therapy (TPT) to children is limited.METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of HHCs of patients with MDR-TB to assess caregiver willingness to give TPT to children aged <13 years.RESULTS Of 743 adult and adolescent HHCs, 299 reported caring for children aged <13 years of age. The median caregiver age was 35 years (IQR 27-48); 75% were women. Among caregivers, 89% were willing to give children MDR TPT. In unadjusted analyses, increased willingness was associated with TB-related knowledge (OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.3-11.3), belief that one can die of MDR-TB (OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.2-23.4), concern for MDR-TB transmission to child (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.6-12.4), confidence in properly taking TPT (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.6-12.6), comfort telling family about TPT (OR 5.5, 95% CI 2.1-14.3), and willingness to take TPT oneself (OR 35.1, 95% CI 11.0-112.8).CONCLUSIONS A high percentage of caregivers living with MDR- or rifampicin-resistant TB patients were willing to give children a hypothetical MDR TPT. These results provide important evidence for the potential uptake of effective MDR TPT when implemented.
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Cuidadores , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Adolescente , Adulto , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Rifampina , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Host-virus associations have co-evolved under ecological and evolutionary selection pressures that shape cross-species transmission and spillover to humans. Observed virus-host associations provide relevant context for newly discovered wildlife viruses to assess knowledge gaps in host-range and estimate pathways for potential human infection. Using models to predict virus-host networks, we predicted the likelihood of humans as hosts for 513 newly discovered viruses detected by large-scale wildlife surveillance at high-risk animal-human interfaces in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Predictions indicated that novel coronaviruses are likely to infect a greater number of host species than viruses from other families. Our models further characterize novel viruses through prioritization scores and directly inform surveillance targets to identify host ranges for newly discovered viruses.
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Vírus , Zoonoses , África , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Humanos , Zoonoses/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Bioactive peptides may positively impact bodily functions. One of these are the antioxidant peptides which are well documented for a wide variety of food matrices, mostly from plant sources. Nevertheless, information of antioxidant milk-derived peptides is still a little-known field. The present study was aimed to evaluating the antioxidant capacity (AC) in vitro of water soluble extracts < 3 kDa (WSE) from three artisanal Mexican cheeses: Crema de Chiapas (CrC), Fresco (FC) and Cocido (CC). This study was carried out for cheeses of different days of storage (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20) at 4 °C. AC was assayed to the respective WSE by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diamoniun salt (ABTS) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods and those WSE that showed the most antioxidant capacity from each cheese were analyzed by using RP-HPLC/MS to identify and characterize the novel specific peptides. All the WSE analyzed show antioxidant capacity, especially those from CrC and CC which display the highest AC at 15 days of storage. Regarding to WSE from FC, the AC was constant during storage. Identified structures reveal that these novel peptides possess high content of specific amino acids, mainly proline, valine, leucine and phenylalanine, of which it has already been shown antioxidant properties. This study demonstrate that these artisanal Mexican cheeses are sources of potential antioxidant peptides.
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JUSTIFICACIÓN: La evidencia actual sugiere que el sobreuso de agonistas ß2 de corta duración (SABAs) no solo podría ser uno de los responsables directos de los altos porcentajes de asma no controlado existente en nuestro país sino también de la mortalidad causada por el asma. Este fenómeno no solo se explica por sus efectos directos sino por ser usados de forma reiterada y abusiva como substitutos del uso regular de los Corticoides Inhalados (ICS) en combinación o no con ß2 agonistas de larga duración (LABAs). Los farmacéuticos comunitarios (FC) por su cercanía, accesibilidad y formación están especialmente posicionados para ayudar a otros profesionales sanitarios a identificar pacientes asmáticos mal controlados o en riesgo de estarlo ofreciéndoles educación sanitaria y derivándolos a la consulta médica en los casos que sea necesario. Este aspecto adquiere especial relevancia en la detección de abuso o sobreuso de SABAs que además suele venir acompañado de una baja adherencia al tratamiento antinflamatorio de mantenimiento.OBJETIVOS: descripción de la herramienta de sobreuso de Saba desarrollada en SEFAC e_XPERT.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: la herramienta de Sobreuso de SABA desarrollada en SEFAC e_XPERT se encuentra disponible en la página web https://www.sefacexpert.org/a/registry-campaign-workplace/1 y dispone de diferentes tests para llevar a cabo como la Regla del Asma, el Test de Adhesión a los Inhaladores (TAI), y el Test de Control del Asma (ACT), para evaluar el uso excesivo de SABA, el manejo de los dispositivos de inhalación y el control de la patología asmática. (AU)