[Regulation of content of cytokines in blood serum and of caspase-3 activity in brains of old rats in model of sharp hypoxic hypoxia with Cortexin and Pinealon].

While studying the effects of Cortexin and Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) on the caspase-3 activity in the brain, an interleykin-6 and a factor of tumor necrosis in blood serum of old rats under the sharp hypoxic hypoxia it was suggested that in hypoxia of brain conditions Pinealon forwards the increase of the neurogenesis and the decrease neuroinflammatory reactions to a reference level. With the sharp hypoxic hypoxia Cortexin reduces an ability of brain tissue of programmed cells death, but saves the content of interleykin-6 at high level.

[Effects of introduction of short peptides before carotid artery occlusion on behaviour and caspase-3 activity in the brain of old rats].

The comparative research of effect of Pinealon and Cortexin on behavior and activity of caspase-3 in a brain of old rats in a model of carotid arteries occlusion was conducted. It is shown that introduction of short peptides promotes a survival rate of the animals that have modeled occlusion of carotid arteries. Under Pinealon before occlusion of carotid arteries, behavioral dream has been increased and a position-finding behavior, a motivational behavior and a motor performance have been reduced. The rats that were introduced Cortexin before carotid arteries occlusion demonstrated the raise of behavioral dream time. At introduction of Pinealon activity of caspase-3 moderately raises in false-operated animals and in a model of occlusion of carotid arteries.

[Effect of deltaran on the mediatory balance in the brain of young and old rats with left-side laterality profile in case of carotid arteries occlusion].

The medico-social significance of ischemic brain lesions, which are the most frequent cause of disablement and death in older people, stipulates the need for efficient means of prevention and correction of central nervous system disorders in case of ischemic brain lesions. The efficacy of Deltaran in the correction of disordered neuromediator balance in the brain of rats of different age groups was studied on the model of carotid arteries occlusion. Studies showed, that Deltaran exerts an anti-stress effect on old rats with left-side profile by altering the neuromediators' distribution in animals' brain under conditions of hypoxia. This enables to recommend Deltaran for further study as a neuroprotector.

Adrenocortical and thyroid systems of rats during the initial period of nociceptive influences.

Two phases were identified in the initial period of formation of the adrenocortical reaction to acute nociception. The first phase (at 10-15 sec) consisted of an "urgent" mobilization of the " basal" reserves of hormonally active substances and was characterized by suppression of corticoliberin activity in the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic brain structures in rats, with a parallel increase in the plasma concentration of adrenocorticotropic hormone, draining of corticosteroid reserves in the adrenals, and decreases in blood corticosterone levels on the background of increases in corticosterone levels in target organs. The second phase, the hypercompensation phase, involved progressive increases in the titers of study substances. Significant changes in adrenal and blood aldosterone levels were seen only 2.5 min after nociception. Rearrangements of thyroid status were also biphasic. However, unlike the primary adrenocortical response, the first phase of the stress-related thyroid response involved a marked increase in plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine, while the second involved a selective decrease in the thyroxine concentration to normal levels.

[Adrenocortical and thyroid systems of rats at the initial stage of nociceptive influence].

There are two phases in the initial period of formation of adrenocortical response to sharp nociceptive influence. The first phase (within 10-15 sec.) involves emergency mobilization of "basal" reserves of hormone active substances. It is characterized by reduction of corticoliberine activity in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic structures of the rat brain with a parallel increase of corticotrophin concentration in plasma, devastation of corticosteroid reserves in adrenal glands; a decrease in the level of corticosteroids in blood against the background of accumulating hormone in bodies-targets. In the second phace: the phase of hypercompensation, the progressive increase of credit of the substances under study was quite obvious. The authentic changes in a level of aldosterone in adrenal glands and blood took place only in 2.5 minutes after the stress. The nociceptive influence was also biphasic when acting upon the reorganization of thyroid status number. However, unlike the initial adrenocortical response to stress in the first phase of thyroid reaction, the elevation of plasma thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine level was obvious. At the second stage, selective decrease in concentration of thyroxine to normal amounts occurred.

[Pentylenetetrazole kindling induces caspase-3 activation in rat brain]. / Pentilentetrazolovyi kindling vysyvaet aktivatsiiu kaspazy-3 v mozge krys.

Pentylenetetrazole kindling (but not a single pentylenetetrazole injection) induced caspase-3 activation in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of rats as well as neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. The number of neurons in the CA3 subfield of the hippocampus decreased significantly, whereas no apoptotic nuclei could be detected. The results support a possible non-apoptotic involvement of caspase-3 in brain plasticity.

Studies of the mechanism of the anticonvulsant effect of delta-sleep-inducing peptide in conditions of increased oxygen tension.

Studies of the protective actions of three doses of delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) given at different times before barochamber compression of animals to an oxygen tension of 0.7 MPa showed that the optimum DSIP dose is 12 micrograms/100 g. Intraperitoneal administration of this dose of DSIP delayed the onset of generalized convulsive activity by a factor of 2-2.5 in animals exposed to an oxygen tension of 0.7 MPa and promoted normalization of the sleep-walking cycle within 24 h after exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), by creating an optimal balance between excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neuromediators.

[Comparative investigation of anticonvulsive effects of putrescine and structural analogues of delta-sleep-inducing peptide]. / Sravnitel'noe izuchenie protivosudorozhnykh effektov putrestsina i strukturnykh analogov indutsiruiushchego delta-son peptida.

Intracysternal putrescine before a session of hyperbaric oxygenation (0.7 MPa) was shown to be more effective in prolonging the latent period of onset of generalized convulsive activity than intraperitoneal delta-sleep-inducing peptide or its structural analogues ID-1 or ID-3. Biochemical studies indicated that putrescine was also more effective in preventing hyperbaric oxygenation-induced decreases in the levels of GABA and homocarnosine in the brain and the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in the brain and serum.

[The mechanism of the anticonvulsive effect of the delta sleep-inducing peptide under conditions of elevated oxygen pressure]. / Issledovanie mekhanizma protivosudorozhnogo éffekta del'ta-son indutsiruiushchego peptida v usloviiakh povyshennogo davleniia kisloroda.

Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) exerted a protective effect against seizures, the effect depending on the DSIP ability to create an optimal ratio between inhibitory and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. Administration of the DSIP dramatically increased the contents of gamma-aminobutyric acid and homocarnosine while decreasing the glutamate and aspartate contents in the rat brain cortex.

[The neuromediator mechanism of the additive action of the delta sleep-inducing peptide in experimental audiogenic epilepsy caused by hypokinesia]. / Neiromediatornyi mekhanizm adaptivnogo deistviia del'ta-son indutsiruiushchego peptida pri éksperimental'noi audiogennoi épilepsii, vyzvannoi gipokineziei.

The DSIP influence on the rat cortex, thalamic and hypothalamic adrenaline, noradrenaline, DOPA, dopamine and serotonin level under normal, hypokinetic stress condition (1 h in duration) and experimental audiogenic epilepsy was studied. It was found, that a single intraperitoneal DSIP injection (12 microns/100 g body weigh, 1 h before placing the animals into the stress condition) prevented spontaneous epileptic activity development due to creation of optimal ratio between monoamines in brain structures.

[Ratio of neuromediator amino acids in a comparative analysis of the stress protective effects of delta-sleep inducing peptide and piracetam]. / Sootnoshenie neiromediatornykh aminokislot pri sravnitel'nom analize stressprotektornykh éffektov delta-sonindutsiruiushchego peptida i piratsetama.

The GABAergic system was adequate altered after simultaneous use of delta-sleeping peptide and piracetam in intact animals: gamma-butyric acid was accumulated unidirectionally by inhibiting brain glutamate decarboxylase activity. Administration of the peptide caused a slight decrease in the levels of aspartic acid, while piracetam contributed to a marked accumulation of the amino acid. The antistressor and adaptive effects of each drug were augmented if they were given simultaneously before acute emotional stress developed in the animals during one-hour hypokinesia; these effects were expressed as stabilized balance of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter amino acids.

[Proteolytic processes in the rat brain and serum in hypokinesia and the adaptive effect of delta-sleep inducing peptide]. / Proteoliticheskie protsessy v mozge i syvorotke krovi krys pri gipokinezii i adaptivnom vliianii del'ta-son indutsiruiushchego peptida.

It has been demonstrated for the first time that a single injection of the delta-sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) results in long-term alteration of proteolytic enzyme activity within a broad range of pH. Using Ca(2+)-independent neutral endopeptidases from the synaptosomal fraction of rat brain and blood serum kallikrein as an example, it has been shown that DSIP activates limited proteolysis. This effect may contribute to the alteration of the set and "active" concentration of regulatory peptides and peptide hormones to the induction of the preadaptive state. DSIP also causes the redistribution of activity between Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent neutral endopeptidases associated with synaptosomal membranes, particularly under hypokinetic conditions. The significant decrease of the Ca(2+)-activated neutral proteinase I activity may be one of the mechanisms whereby the modulating effect of DSIP manifested as regulation of the number of glutamate receptors and limitation of effect of this excitatory neuromediator is realized under stress. Preliminary injection of DSIP prevents disturbances in the permeability of lysosomal membranes under long-term (24 hours) hypokinesia.

[The delta sleep-inducing peptide as a modulator of synaptic ultrastructure]. / Del'ta-son indutsiruiushchii peptid kak moduliator ul'trastruktury sinapsov.

Results of morphometric study of ultrastructure of axosomatic and axospinous synapses of rat sensomotor neocortex after DSIP administration and in hypoxia showed that the peptide administration resulted in multidirectional changes in these type contacts in intact animals. This, apparently, is connected with their different functional specialization. Preliminary DSIP administration prevented changes, appearing in hypoxia in most of the parameters studied both in axosomatic and axospinous synapses.

[The effect of the delta sleep peptide and serotonin on the neurons of the snail]. / Vliianie peptida del'ta-sna i serotonina na neirony vinogradnoi ulitki.

The present paper describes the results concerning the influence of delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) and serotonin (5-HT) on electrophysiological properties of the identified snail neurons. The experiments were performed on semi-intact preparations from Helix lucorum L. DSIP inhibited spontaneously active neurons and reduced responses of silent cells to depolarizing currents and tactile stimuli. DSIP effects were dose-dependent. 5-HT excited neurons in question. DSIP and 5-HT had the mutually opposite effects on the identified neurons. The results suggest that DSIP can directly affect the snail neurons not via serotoninergic system. Hyperpolarization effect of DSIP can be due to the enhancement of Cl conduction or to the changes in adenylatcyclase system activity. Alternatively DSIP can influence the process of synaptic transmission.

[A morphometric study of the ultrastructure of the axosomatic synapses in the sensorimotor cortex of rats administered the delta-sleep inducing peptide]. / Morfometricheskoe issledovanie ul'trastruktury aksosomaticheskikh sinapsov sensomotornoi kory mozga krys pri vvedenii del'ta-son indutsiruiushchego peptida.

Qualitative estimation and quantitative morphometry of ultrastructural changes in layers III, IV, and V in rat sensomotorial cortex after delta-sleep-inducing peptide administration, provides an evidence of multiplication of active inhibitory synapses induced by DSIP. The newly activated synapses may form an axo-somatic synaptic pool participating in optimization of the balance of excitement and inhibition processes in sensomotorial cortex.

[Influence of delta-sleep-inducing peptide on the activity of proteolytic enzymes in the rat brain under hypokinesia]. / Vliianie del'ta-son-indutsiruiushchego peptida na aktivnost' proteoliticheskikh fermentov v mozge krys pri gipokinezii.

Single administration of the delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) in a dose of 12 micrograms/100 g to intact animals makes the activity of neutral proteinases and cathepsin D higher in the rat brain and blood serum. Hypokinesia of different duration changes activity of neutral and acidic proteinases and induces accessibility of cathepsin D to the cytosol as a result of damage in lysosomal membrane. Injection DSIP induces a decrease A/B of cathepsin D to the control level under 1-h hypokinesia condition and normalizes the neutral proteolytic activity under 6-h hypokinesia condition.