Histoplasmosis in HIV-Infected Patients: Epidemiological, Clinical and Necropsy Data from a Brazilian Teaching Hospital.

Histoplasmosis occurs in 5-10% of HIV-infected patients in endemic areas and evolves to severe and disseminated infection with mortality rates over 50% in some regions. This report presents epidemiological, clinical and outcome data from HIV-infected patients with histoplasmosis confirmed by culture and/or at necropsy who were admitted to a Brazilian teaching hospital. Data from 65 patients were obtained from their respective medical and necropsy records. From 2005 to 2018, 36 HIV-infected patients were diagnosed with histoplasmosis confirmed by culture. At admission, most of these patients presented disseminated fungal infection, whereas 15 (41.7%) were simultaneously diagnosed with both HIV infection and histoplasmosis. Fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, respiratory and digestive symptoms were present in 86.2%, 50%, 44.4% and 41.7% of the patients, respectively. At admission, 24 patients had low CD4 T-cell count and high viral load values. Among the 30 patients who received antifungals, 16 (53.3%) were cured, 13 (43.3%) died, and one was lost to follow-up. Six patients died prior to therapy. From 1990 to 2018, 63 necropsies of patients with Histoplasma capsulatum infection were performed. Of these patients, 29 (46.0%) were HIV-infected individuals, including 21 (72.4%) who presented disseminated histoplasmosis and 21 (72.4%) who were diagnosed with histoplasmosis at necropsy. The epidemiological, clinical and outcome profiles presented herein are similar to those described elsewhere and reinforce the difficulties that are still present in limited-resource settings where advanced immunodeficiency, combined with severe fungal infection and late patient admissions, is related to poor outcomes.

Agreement between diagnostic imaging methods for the evaluation of lymphadenopathies in HIV-infected/AIDS patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the percent agreement between diagnostic imaging modalities for the evaluation of lymphadenopathies in HIV-infected/AIDS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an open, comparative, prospective study of diagnostic imaging methods for lymphadenopathy evaluation. We evaluated 30 patients (19 men and 11 women). All underwent ultrasound and computed tomography (CT). Twenty of the patients also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We determined the percent agreement between two examiners using the various imaging methods to evaluate lymphadenopathies. RESULTS: CT had the highest percent agreement, at 93.3%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.85, corresponding to 28 of the 30 examinations. When we compared the percent agreement between the two examiners and between CT and ultrasound, examiner 1 had an observed rate of 80.0%, with a kappa of 0.49, corresponding to 24 of the 30 examinations, whereas examiner 2 had a rate of 70.0%, with a kappa of 0.31, corresponding to 21 of the 30 examinations. Between MRI and CT, the percent agreement for examiner 1 was 50.0%, with a kappa of -0.18, corresponding to 10 of the 20 examinations, whereas that for examiner 2 was 85.0%, with a kappa of 0.69, corresponding to 17 of the 20 examinations. For MRI and ultrasound, examiner 1 had a percent agreement of 70.0%, with a kappa of 0.20, corresponding to 14 of the 20 examinations, and examiner 2 had a percent agreement of 75.0%, with a kappa of 0.38, corresponding to 15 of the 20 examinations. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that intermethod agreement is highly dependent on the way in which the research is conducted, rather than on the level of experience of the examiner.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a porcentagem de concordância entre métodos de diagnóstico por imagem na avaliação de linfonodomegalias em pacientes HIV(+)/AIDS. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo aberto, comparativo e prospectivo dos métodos de diagnóstico por imagem na avaliação de linfonodomegalias. Foram avaliados 30 pacientes (19 homens e 11 mulheres). Todos foram submetidos a ultrassonografia e tomografia computadorizada (TC) e 20 também foram submetidos a ressonância magnética (RM). Foi determinado o grau de concordância entre dois examinadores usando-se métodos de diagnóstico por imagem. RESULTADOS: A TC obteve o maior grau de concordância, com taxa de 28/30 (93,3%) e coeficiente kappa de 0,85. Quando comparado o grau de concordância para linfonodomegalias entre dois examinadores e entre TC e ultrassonografia, o examinador 1 teve taxa de 24/30 (80,0%) e kappa de 0,49, e o examinador 2 teve taxa de 21/30 (70,0%) e kappa de 0,31. Entre RM e TC, o examinador 1 teve taxa de 10/20 (50,0%) e kappa de -0,18, e o examinador 2 teve taxa de 17/20 (85,0%) e kappa de 0,69. Entre RM e ultrassonografia, o examinador 1 teve taxa de 14/20 (70,0%) e kappa de 0,20, e o examinador 2 teve taxa de 15/20 (75,0%) e kappa de 0,38. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo indica que a concordância entre métodos depende fortemente da forma como a pesquisa é conduzida e não da capacidade do examinador.

Agreement between diagnostic imaging methods for the evaluation of lymphadenopathies in HIV-infected/AIDS patients / Concordância entre métodos de diagnóstico por imagem na avaliação de linfonodomegalias em pacientes HIV(+)/AIDS

Abstract Objective: To assess the percent agreement between diagnostic imaging modalities for the evaluation of lymphadenopathies in HIV-infected/AIDS patients. Materials and Methods: This was an open, comparative, prospective study of diagnostic imaging methods for lymphadenopathy evaluation. We evaluated 30 patients (19 men and 11 women). All underwent ultrasound and computed tomography (CT). Twenty of the patients also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We determined the percent agreement between two examiners using the various imaging methods to evaluate lymphadenopathies. Results: CT had the highest percent agreement, at 93.3%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.85, corresponding to 28 of the 30 examinations. When we compared the percent agreement between the two examiners and between CT and ultrasound, examiner 1 had an observed rate of 80.0%, with a kappa of 0.49, corresponding to 24 of the 30 examinations, whereas examiner 2 had a rate of 70.0%, with a kappa of 0.31, corresponding to 21 of the 30 examinations. Between MRI and CT, the percent agreement for examiner 1 was 50.0%, with a kappa of −0.18, corresponding to 10 of the 20 examinations, whereas that for examiner 2 was 85.0%, with a kappa of 0.69, corresponding to 17 of the 20 examinations. For MRI and ultrasound, examiner 1 had a percent agreement of 70.0%, with a kappa of 0.20, corresponding to 14 of the 20 examinations, and examiner 2 had a percent agreement of 75.0%, with a kappa of 0.38, corresponding to 15 of the 20 examinations. Conclusion: This study indicates that intermethod agreement is highly dependent on the way in which the research is conducted, rather than on the level of experience of the examiner.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a porcentagem de concordância entre métodos de diagnóstico por imagem na avaliação de linfonodomegalias em pacientes HIV(+)/AIDS. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizado estudo aberto, comparativo e prospectivo dos métodos de diagnóstico por imagem na avaliação de linfonodomegalias. Foram avaliados 30 pacientes (19 homens e 11 mulheres). Todos foram submetidos a ultrassonografia e tomografia computadorizada (TC) e 20 também foram submetidos a ressonância magnética (RM). Foi determinado o grau de concordância entre dois examinadores usando-se métodos de diagnóstico por imagem. Resultados: A TC obteve o maior grau de concordância, com taxa de 28/30 (93,3%) e coeficiente kappa de 0,85. Quando comparado o grau de concordância para linfonodomegalias entre dois examinadores e entre TC e ultrassonografia, o examinador 1 teve taxa de 24/30 (80,0%) e kappa de 0,49, e o examinador 2 teve taxa de 21/30 (70,0%) e kappa de 0,31. Entre RM e TC, o examinador 1 teve taxa de 10/20 (50,0%) e kappa de -0,18, e o examinador 2 teve taxa de 17/20 (85,0%) e kappa de 0,69. Entre RM e ultrassonografia, o examinador 1 teve taxa de 14/20 (70,0%) e kappa de 0,20, e o examinador 2 teve taxa de 15/20 (75,0%) e kappa de 0,38. Conclusão: Este estudo indica que a concordância entre métodos depende fortemente da forma como a pesquisa é conduzida e não da capacidade do examinador.

Primary endometrial large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with melanocytic differentiation

High-grade endometrial carcinomas are aggressive neoplasms of difficult histological classification. Neuroendocrine differentiation in endometrial carcinomas is rare. This is the report of an endometrial large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with foci of melanocytic differentiation in a 75-year-old woman with abnormal post-menopausal uterine bleeding for 2 years. Two initial biopsies were inconclusive. Histopathological examination of the uterus revealed large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma associated with endometrioid carcinoma and foci of melanocytic differentiation, pT3a (FIGO IIIA). There were metastases in the rectum serosa and lungs. After 8 months of diagnosis and surgical treatment, the patient is on chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We highlight the morphological characteristics and criteria that allow the definitive anatomopathological diagnosis, including immunohistochemical markers used to identify the cell types present in this unprecedented association.

Primary endometrial large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with melanocytic differentiation.

High-grade endometrial carcinomas are aggressive neoplasms of difficult histological classification. Neuroendocrine differentiation in endometrial carcinomas is rare. This is the report of an endometrial large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with foci of melanocytic differentiation in a 75-year-old woman with abnormal post-menopausal uterine bleeding for 2 years. Two initial biopsies were inconclusive. Histopathological examination of the uterus revealed large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma associated with endometrioid carcinoma and foci of melanocytic differentiation, pT3a (FIGO IIIA). There were metastases in the rectum serosa and lungs. After 8 months of diagnosis and surgical treatment, the patient is on chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We highlight the morphological characteristics and criteria that allow the definitive anatomopathological diagnosis, including immunohistochemical markers used to identify the cell types present in this unprecedented association.

Solid variant of aneurysmal bone cist on the distal extremity of the radius in a child.

The solid variant of aneurismal bone cysts (ABC) is considered rare. It occurs with greater frequency in pediatric patients and in the tibia, femur, pelvis and humerus. We present a case of a metaphyseal lytic lesion on the distal extremity of the radius in a child whose radiograph was requested after low-energy trauma. The hypothesis of a pathological bone fracture secondary to an aneurysmal bone cyst was suggested. After biopsy, the child underwent intralesional excision without bone grafting and the histopathological findings were compatible with the solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst.

A variante sólida do cisto ósseo aneurismático (COA) é considerada lesão rara, ocorre com maior frequência nos pacientes pediátricos e nos ossos da tíbia, fêmur, pelve e úmero. Apresentamos o caso de uma lesão lítica metafisária na extremidade distal do rádio de uma criança em que, ao exame radiográfico feito devido a um trauma de baixa energia, foi aventada a hipótese de fratura em um osso patológico secundária a um cisto ósseo aneurismático. Após a biópsia, a criança foi submetida a ressecção intralesional sem interposição de enxerto e o exame histopatológico foi condizente com a variante sólida do cisto ósseo aneurismático.

Pneumonia intersticial aguda (síndrome de Hamman-Rich): relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Acute intersticial pneumonia (Hamman-Rich syndrome): a case report and literature review

A Pneumonia Intersticial Aguda (PIA) é uma rara e fulminante forma de doença pulmonar difusa descrita por Hamman e Rich em 1935. Pneumonia Intersticial Aguda é classificada como Pneumonia Intersticial Idiopática, e é a mais aguda e agressiva em seu curso. Apresenta-se clinicamente de forma similar a Síndrome da Angústia Respiratória Aguda (SARA), e representa provavelmente uma parte dos casos de síndrome da Angústia Respiratória Aguda idiopática. O caso relatado é de uma paciente de 55 anos, portadora de Obesidade e Esquizofrenia, que apresentou Insuficiência Respiratória Aguda e síndrome da Angústia Respiratória Aguda grave, com piora clínica rápida e evolução para óbito com menos de 3 dias de internação hospitalar. O diagnóstico de Pneumonia Intersticial Aguda foi feito na necropsia. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma breve revisão sobre a Pneumonia Intersticial Aguda e relatar um caso clínico desta doença, que é rara e com pouca descrição na literatura, devendo ser lembrada como diagnóstico diferencial nos casos de Síndrome da Angústia Respiratória Aguda

Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP) is a rare and fulminant diffuse lung disease described by Hamman and Rich in 1935. Acute Interstitial Pneumonia is classified as idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, and is the most aggressive and acute in its course. It is presented as Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), and it is one of the cases of idiopathic as Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. This is a case of a 55 years-old patient, with obesity and schizophrenia who presented with acute respiratory insufficiency and severe as Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, with rapid clinical deterioration and progression to death in less than three days of hospitalization. The diagnosis of Acute Interstitial Pneumonia was made at necropsy. The objective of this paper is to briefly review the Acute Interstitial Pneumonia and to report a case of this disease, which is rare with limited description in the literature. It should be included as a differential diagnosis in cases of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Solid variant of aneurysmal bone cist on the distal extremity of the radius in a child / Variante sólida do cisto ósseo aneurismático na extremidade distal do rádio em uma criança

The solid variant of aneurismal bone cysts (ABC) is considered rare. It occurs with greater frequency in pediatric patients and in the tibia, femur, pelvis and humerus. We present a case of a metaphyseal lytic lesion on the distal extremity of the radius in a child whose radiograph was requested after low-energy trauma. The hypothesis of a pathological bone fracture secondary to an aneurysmal bone cyst was suggested. After biopsy, the child underwent intralesional excision without bone grafting and the histopathological findings were compatible with the solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst.

A variante sólida do cisto ósseo aneurismático (COA) é considerada lesão rara, ocorre com maior frequência nos pacientes pediátricos e nos ossos da tíbia, fêmur, pelve e úmero. Apresentamos o caso de uma lesão lítica metafisária na extremidade distal do rádio de uma criança em que, ao exame radiográfico feito devido a um trauma de baixa energia, foi aventada a hipótese de fratura em um osso patológico secundária a um cisto ósseo aneurismático. Após a biópsia, a criança foi submetida a ressecção intralesional sem interposição de enxerto e o exame histopatológico foi condizente com a variante sólida do cisto ósseo aneurismático.

Neuropathology of AIDS: An Autopsy Review of 284 Cases from Brazil Comparing the Findings Pre- and Post-HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy) and Pre- and Postmortem Correlation.

A retrospective study of central nervous system (CNS) in 284 autopsy AIDS cases in Brazil (1989-2008) divided into 3 groups: A (without antiretroviral treatment: 163 cases); B (other antiretroviral therapies: 76 cases); C (HAART for 3 months or more: 45 cases). In 165 (58.1%) cases, relevant lesions were found, predominantly infections (54.2%); the most frequent was toxoplasmosis (29.9%) followed by cryptococcosis (15.8%), purulent bacterial infections (3.9%), and HIV encephalitis (2.8%); non-Hodgkin lymphomas occurred in 1.4% and vascular lesions in 1.1%. There was no difference when compared the frequency of lesion among the groups; however, toxoplasmosis was less common while HIV encephalitis was more frequent in group C related to A. CNS lesions remain a frequent cause of death in AIDS; however, the mean survival time was four times greater in group C than in A. In 91 (55.1%) of 165 cases with relevant brain lesions (or 32% of the total 284 cases), there was discordance between pre- and postmortem diagnosis; disagreement type 1 (important disease that if diagnosed in life could change the patient prognosis) occurred in 49 (53.8%) of 91 discordant cases (17.6% of the total 284) indicating the autopsy importance, even with HAART and advanced diagnostics technologies.

Concordância entre diagnósticos neuropatológicos premortem e postmortem em 90 pacientes com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, submetidos à necrópsia em um hospital de ensino no Brasil / Agreement between premortem e postmortem neuropathological diagnoses in 90 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, submitted to autopsy at a teaching hospital in Brazil

Objetivo: Estudar as lesões anatomopatológicas no SNC, analisando se contribuíram para o óbito des s es pacientes e avaliar a concordância entr e os diagnósticos neuropatológ icos premortem e postmortem. Método: Estudo retrospectivo com análise de 90 necrópsias sequenciais de SIDA, realizadas entre 1989 e 1996, além de busca de dados epidemiológicos/clínicos e comparação com a suspeita clínica para avaliar concordância entre diagnóstico pre e postmortem. Resultados: Idade média 34 ± 11 anos; 81,1% do sexo masculino; todos apresentavam alguma alteração no SNC, sendo relevantes para o óbito em 54 (60%) casos. Apenas em 15 (27,8%) desses 54 casos houve s uspeita clínica da le s ão. As lesões encontr adas no SNC for am: toxoplasmos e (34,4%), c r i ptococo s e (12,2%), c itomega lovi r o s e (4,4%), encefa lite nodul a r m ic r og li a l (3,3%), mening ite bacter iana (2,2%), infecção pelo vír us JC (2,2%), tuberculos e/micobacter ios e (2,2%), histoplasmose (1,1%) e paracoccidioidomicose (1,1%). As alterações não relacionadas ao óbito (40%) for am: g lios e, fibros e meníngea focal, infar to antigo, calcificações e edema . Este estudo confirma que existem diversas alterações no SNC de pacientes com SIDA, sobretudo infecções oportunistas, frequentemente não suspeitadas clinicamente, evidenciando a importância da necrópsia. Esses achados sugerem que investigação minuciosa deveria ser feita no SNC de pacientes com SIDA, particularmente naqueles com diagnóstico tardio ou que não estão respondendo ao tratamento.

Agreement between premortem e postmortem neuropathological diagnoses in 90 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, submitted to autopsy at a teaching hospital in Brazil. Objective: The aim was to study the anatomopathological lesions in CNS, analyzing if they have contributed to the death of those patients, and to evaluate the agreement between premortem and postmortem neuropathological diagnoses. Method: Retrospective study on 90 necropsies on patients with AIDS, performed between 1989 and 1996, besides having been performed the search for clinical and epidemiologycals datas, was done a comparison with the clinical suspicion, to analyze the concordance between premortem and postmortem diagnoses. Results: The patients? mean age was 34 ± 11 years, 81.1% were male. CNS lesions were found in all of the cases. In 54 (60%) cases, CNS lesions of relevance to the death were found, but there had only been clinical suspicion of such lesions in 15 (27.8%) of them. The lesions consisted of toxoplasmosis (34.4%), cryptococcosis (12.2%), cytomegalovirosis (4.4%), microglial nodular encephalitis (3.3%), bacterial meningitis (2.2%), JC virus infection (2.2%), tuberculosis/mycobacteriosis (2.2%), histoplasmosis (1.1%) and paracoccidioidomycosis (1.1%). The unrelated lesions with the death (40%) were: gliosis, meningeal fibrosis, old infarct, calcifications and edema. Conclusion: This study confirms that several changes occurred in the CNS of patients with AIDS, especially opportunistic infections, that frequently are not suspected clinically. These findings suggest that detailed investigation should be conducted on CNS of patients with AIDS, particularly those who are not responding to treatment or with late diagnoses.

Colangite esclerosante secundária em paciente com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida tratada com plastia do ducto hepático comum por via laparoscópica / Secondary sclerosing cholangitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated by common hepatic duct plasty by the laparoscopic route

Relatamos o caso de um paciente com icterícia obstrutiva cuja causa era colangite esclerosante secundária à síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida. Na colangiopatia relacionada à síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, os pacientes apresentam dor no quadrante superior direito ou epigástrico, febre, diarréia e alterações biliares características. O paciente foi submetido à plastia transversa do ducto hepático comum por via laparoscópica.

[Secondary sclerosing cholangitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated by common hepatic duct plasty by the laparoscopic route]. / Colangite esclerosante secundária em paciente com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida tratada com plastia do ducto hepático comum por via laparoscópica.

We report the case of a patient with obstructive jaundice caused by sclerosing cholangitis secondary to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related cholangiopathy, patients present with right upper quadrant or epigastric pain, fever, diarrhea and characteristic biliary alterations. The patient was submitted to transverse plasty of the common hepatic duct by laparoscopic route.

Larva migrans em glândula sebácia do couro cabeludo

A case of larva migrans or serpiginous linear dermatitis on the scalp of a teenager is reported. An ancylostomid larva was found within a sebaceous gland acinus. The unusual skin site for larva migrans as well as the penetration through the sebaceous gland are highlighted. The probable mechanism by which the parasite reached the skin adnexa is discussed

Chagasic meningoencephalitis in the immunodeficient

Based on their own experience on the literature, the authors compare the brain pathology due to HIV+ associated Trypanosoma cruzi reactived infecction to that described for the natural history of the Chagas' disease (CD). The peculiar focal necrotizing chagasic meningoencephalitis (MECNF) which appears only in immunedeficient chagasics, especially when the deficiency is due HIV is a safe criterion for reactivation of CD. MECNF morphologic findings are unlike to those found either for some cases of acute phase CD or for chronic nervous form of CD.

Diagnósticos em 1048 biópsias mamárias realizadas em Uberaba - MG / Pathological diagnoses for 1048 breast biopsies from Uberaba, MG, Brazil

Com o objetivo de contribuir para o melhor conhecimento da patologia regional mamária, analisaram-se 1299 diagnósticos anatomopatológicos em 1048 biópsias de mama, realizadas em dois laboratórios da cidade de Uberaba. A patologia mais frequente foi a mastopatia fibrocística (29 por cento), seguida pelas neoplasias benignas (28 por cento) e pelas malignas (23 por cento). Oitenta e dois por cento das neoplasias benignas foram fibroadenomas, e 92 por cento das malignas foram carcinomas ductais. Noventa e seis por cento dos espécimes foram mamas femininas, e 4 por cento, mamas masculinas. Em homens, a patologia mais frequente foi a ginecomastia (83 por cento).

Megas e câncer: câncer do intestino grosso em chagásicos com megacólon / Megas and cancer: lager bowel cancer in chagasics with megacolon

O estudo de 4.690 necropsias e de 24.209 peças cirúrgicas mostrou ser rara a associaçäo do cáncer do intestino grosso com o megacólon chagásico. Em uma única necropsia observou-se a associaçäo megacólon-carcinoma de reto. A análise estatística mostrou näo ser maior a prevalência de câncer do intestino grosso em pacientes com megacólon