Consensus Reaching Process for Traditional Group Decision Making in View of the Optimal Adjustment Mechanism.

Consensus reaching process (CRP) is a key topic in the area of group decision making (GDM). When the consensus level is not high enough, it becomes necessary to adjust the original opinions of decision makers (DMs). To offer the adjustment reference for DMs, we build the programming models to determine the minimum modification to be carried out from the individual and global perspectives. Meanwhile, all DMs are divided into two subgroups: DMs with acceptable and unacceptable consensus levels. If some DMs with unacceptable consensus level do not accept the relevant modifications, the Nash bargaining game-based programming model is built for the fairness and efficiency of modifications. When some DMs refuse to make any modifications or tend to modify the opinions in their way, with respect to different group consensus situations, we make the minimum hybrid penalty mechanism by the Nash bargaining game-based programming models. For each case, we determine the corresponding optimal modification mechanism in view of the fixed individual total modification and the maximum consensus level. Furthermore, we study the arrangements of weights of DMs according to their cardinal and ordinal consensus contributions. Based on these results, we present a new algorithm and illustrate its application by a numerical example. Moreover, we carry out the sensitivity and comparison analysis. We summarize the conclusions and future research directions in the end. The main originality of the new method includes: the fairness and efficiency of modifications, and the determination of the hybrid penalty mechanism.

Optimal Interaction Priority Calculation From Hesitant Fuzzy Preference Relations Based on the Monte Carlo Simulation Method for the Acceptable Consistency and Consensus.

To address the situation where the complete consistency is unnecessary, a stepwise optimization model-based method for testing the acceptably additive consistency (AAC) of hesitant fuzzy preference relations (HFPRs) is introduced. Then, an AAC concept for HFPRs is defined. Meanwhile, incomplete HFPRs (iHFPRs) are discussed and a series of optimization models to acquire complete HFPRs is constructed. If the consistency is unacceptable, an optimization model for revising unacceptably consistent HFPRs under the conditions of the AAC and maximizing the ordinal consistency (OC) is offered. Subsequently, a model for minimizing the number of adjusted variables is presented. Considering the weighting information and the consensus for group decision making (GDM), the weights of fuzzy preference relations (FPRs) obtained from each individual HFPR and the decision makers (DMs) are determined using the distance measure. With regard to the consensus, two models for reaching the consensus requirement and minimizing the amount of revised variables are separately constructed, which are both based on the analysis of maximizing the OC. Furthermore, the thresholds of the additive consistency and the consensus are studied using the Monte Carlo simulation method. A GDM algorithm with HFPRs is offered. Finally, an example and comparison are provided to show the efficiency of the new procedure.

[Study on equilibrium adsorption of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons on humid soils].

Adsorption is one of the principal mechanisms for soil contamination by volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHs). Dynamic adsorption experiments were carried out to study the equilibrium adsorption of four common VCHs pollutants onto eight typical soils in China. Results showed that dry soils had far greater adsorption capacity than humid soils. The soil adsorption capacity sharply decreased with the increase in the soil water content, and then reached a plateau as the water content rose to 10% or above. The adsorption isotherms of trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (MC) could be fitted with Henry's equation, while the adsorption isotherms of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA) could be fitted with Freundlich model. The adsorption capacities of VCHs on humid soils were principally influenced by the content of soil organic carbon (SOC), but sometimes also impacted by the composition of SOC and the polarities of the VCHs molecules. Low polar molecules such as TCE and PCE showed adsorption capacities positively dependent on the SOC content. High polar molecules such as MC and 1,1,2-TCA displayed adsorption behavior not only influenced by SOC content but also by the SOC composition of high SOC content soils such as black soil. An adsorption equilibrium simulation model was developed for TCE and PCE on humid soils, the predicted values correlating well with the measured values (n = 80, R2 = 0.98).

[Study on equilibrium adsorption of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons on dry soils].

Adsorption is one of the principal mechanisms of soil contamination by volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHs). Three typical paddy soils were collected from Yangtze Delta Region, onto which the equilibrium adsorption of six VCHs was studied under dry conditions using static equilibrium adsorption experiments. Results showed that the equilibrium adsorption isotherms of dry soils did not fit the Langmuir equation or BET equation, but could be well fitted the Dubinin-Astakhov equation (R2 > 0.95). Parameters of the Dubinin-Astakhov equation were influenced by the characteristics of soils and VCHs. The affinity coefficients (beta) were not significant influenced by the molecular volumes of VCHs but tended to increase along with the increase in the molecular polarities. The adsorption energies (E0) of the reference compound (tetrachloroethylene) positively correlated to the pore volume with radius below the average (V(< average pore radius)), while poorly related to the average pore radius of the soil. The maximum adsorption volumes of VCHs onto dry soils (W0) showed linear relationship to the pore volume with radius less than 10 nm (V(< 10nm)), while poorly correlated to the specific surface area of the soil. The Dubinin-Astakhov equation, a function of V < average pore radius), V(<10nm) and beta, could be used to predict the equilibrium adsorbed amounts of VCHs onto the dry soils. The predicted values strongly correlated with the measured values (R2 = 0.98).

1-(3,4-Dimethyl-benzyl-idene)-4-ethyl-thio-semicarbazide.

The title compound, C(12)H(17)N(3)S, was prepared by the reaction of 4-ethyl-thio-semicarbazide and 3,4-dimethyl-benzaldehyde. The dihedral angle between the thiourea unit and the benzene ring is 7.09 (8)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds occur.

N'-[4-(Dimethyl-amino)-benzyl-idene]furan-2-carbohydrazide.

The title compound, C(14)H(15)N(3)O(2), was prepared by the reaction of 4-(dimethyl-amino)-benzaldehyde and furan-2-carbohydrazide. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the furan ring is 25.59 (19)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [010].