Efficient Photocatalytic Activation of Peroxymonosulfate by Cobalt-Doped Oxygen-Vacancies-Rich BiVO4 for Rapid Tetracycline Degradation.

In this work, cobalt-doped oxygen-vacancies-rich BiVO4 (Co/BiVO4-Vo) was successfully synthesized for the degradation of tetracycline (TC) by activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) under visible light. The morphologies, microstructures, and optical properties of the photocatalysts were analyzed in detail. Co/BiVO4-Vo exhibited significantly enhanced degradation, removing 92.3% of TC within 10 min, which was greater than those of pure BiVO4 (62.2%) and oxygen-vacancies-rich BiVO4 (BiVO4-Vo) (72.0%), respectively. The photogenerated charge separation and transport properties were explored through surface photovoltage (SPV), photoluminescence spectrum (PL), and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) measurements. Additionally, an in-depth investigation was conducted on the photocatalytically assisted advanced oxidation processes based on SO4•- (SR-AOPs) for the degradation of organic pollutants. The experimental results showed that the introduction of oxygen vacancies and Co doping achieved an effective separation of photogenerated carriers, which could accelerate the cycling between Co3+ and Co2+ and further activate PMS. The results of free radical capture experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments showed that reactive oxygen species (ROSs) such as 1O2, •O2-, and SO4•- played a dominant role in the removal of pollutants. This work provides a novel insight into the further development of efficient and rapid PMS photoactivators for environmental remediation of water bodies.

Effects of spinal cord injury associated exosomes delivered tRF-41 on the progression of spinal cord injury progression.

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological and pathological condition. Exosomal tsRNAs have reported to be promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and therapy. This study aimed to investigate the roles of SCI-associated exosomes, and related tsRNA mechanisms in SCI. METHODS: The serum of healthy controls and SCI patients at the acute stage were collected for exosomes isolation, and the two different exosomes were used to treat human astrocytes (HA). The cell viability, apoptosis, and cycle were determined, and the expression of the related proteins were detected by western blot. Then, the two different exosomes were sent for tsRNA sequencing, and four significant known differentially expressed tsRNAs (DE-tsRNAs) were selected for RT-qPCR validation. Finally, tRT-41 was chosen to further explore its roles and related mechanisms in SCI. RESULTS: After sequencing, 21 DE-tsRNAs were identified, which were significantly enriched in pathways of Apelin, AMPK, Hippo, MAPK, Ras, calcium, PI3K-Akt, and Rap1. RT-qPCR showed that tRF-41 had higher levels in the SCI-associated exosomes. Compared with the control HA, healthy exosomes did not significantly affect the growth of HA cells, but SCI-associated exosomes inhibited viability of HA cells, while promoted their apoptosis and increased the HA cells in G2/M phase; but tRF-41 inhibitor reversed the actions of SCI-associated exosomes. Additionally, SCI-associated exosomes, similar with tRF-41 mimics, down-regulated IGF-1, NGF, Wnt3a, and ß-catenin, while up-regulated IL-1ß and IL-6; but tRF-41 inhibitor had the opposite actions, and reversed the effects induced by SCI-associated exosomes. CONCLUSIONS: SCI-associated exosomes delivered tRF-41 may inhibit the growth of HA through regulating Wnt/ ß-catenin pathway and inflammation response, thereby facilitating the progression of SCI.

Identification of Aroma-active Compounds in Milk by GC×GC-O-TOF-MS Combined with Check-all-that-apply.

Understanding consumers' sensory preferences for dairy products is essential. This study employed sensory analysis and instrumental techniques to analyze the flavor of pasteurized milk and ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk. There were 6 milk samples with similar fat content (4.0-4.6 g/100mL) and protein content (3.2-3.8 g/100mL). Sensory data from consumer tests was collected using CATA (n = 100) and 9-point hedonic preferences. Research showed that Chinese consumers could distinguish the flavor of the 2 types of milk, and UHT milk showed a higher preference score, which may be due to the more pronounced milky flavor and sweet taste of UHT milk. A total of 48 aroma-active compounds were sniffed through GC × GC-O-TOF-MS, among which 11 were determined as key aroma-active compounds. Correlation analysis showed that milky odor, sweetness, and aftertaste-milky were positively correlated with γ-dodecalactone and γ-nonanolactone. Cooked and oxidized taste were positively correlated with 1-octen-3-ol and E-2-octenal. This study is important for developing Chinese dairy products and exporting dairy products to China by multinational companies.

Discovery of core genes and intercellular communication role in osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumor that affects children and young adults. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying osteosarcoma is critical to develop effective treatments. This study aimed to identify core genes and explore the role of intercellular communication in osteosarcoma. We used GSE87437 and GSE152048 dataset to conduct a weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and identify co-expression modules. The enriched biological processes and cellular components of the genes in the steelblue module were analyzed. Next, we explored the expression, diagnostic value, correlation, and association with immune infiltrate of CCSER1 and LOC101929154. Finally, we utilized CIBERSORT algorithm to predict the infiltrated immune cells in osteosarcoma tissues. Our results identified 44 co-expression modules, and the steelblue module was mainly associated with axon development, axonogenesis, and innervation. CCSER1 and LOC101929154 were significantly upregulated in osteosarcoma tissues with poor response to preoperative chemotherapy. Moreover, the expressions of CCSER1 and LOC101929154 were positively correlated. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of CCSER1 and LOC101929154 was 0.800 and 0.773, respectively. The expression of CCSER1 was negatively correlated with follicular helper T cells and positively correlated with M0 macrophages, while LOC101929154 was negatively correlated with activated mast cells. Besides, CD4 memory-activated T cells were observed at lower levels in patients who responded well to chemotherapy. Our study identified core genes CCSER1 and LOC101929154 and provided insight into the intercellular communication profile in osteosarcoma. Our results suggested that targeting CCSER1, LOC101929154, and CD4 memory-activated T cells may be a promising strategy for the treatment of osteosarcoma.

Aging increases the particulate- and leachate-induced toxicity of tire wear particles to microalgae.

The toxic effects of tire wear particles (TWPs) on organisms have attracted widespread concerns over the past decade. However, the underlying toxicity mechanism of TWPs, especially aged TWPs to marine microalgae remains poorly understood. This study investigated the physiological and metabolic responses of Phaeodactylum tricornutum to different concentrations of TWPs (Experiment 1), virgin and differently aged TWPs (Experiment 2) as well as their leachates and leached particles (Experiment 3). Results demonstrated that TWPs promoted the growth of microalgae at low concentrations (0.6 and 3 mg L-1) and inhibited their growth at high concentrations (15 and 75 mg L-1). Moreover, aged TWPs induced more profound physiological effects on microalgae than virgin TWPs, including inhibiting microalgae growth, decreasing the content of Chla, promoting photosynthetic efficiency, and causing oxidative damage to algal cells. Untargeted metabolomics analysis confirmed that aged TWPs induced more pronounced metabolic changes than virgin TWPs. This study represented the first to demonstrate that both particulate- and leachate-induced toxicity of TWPs was increased after aging processes, which was confirmed by the changes in the surface morphology of TWPs and enhanced release of additives. Through the significant correlations between the additives and the microalgal metabolites, key additives responsible for the shift of microalgal metabolites were identified. These results broaden the understanding of the toxicity mechanism of aged TWPs to microalgae at the physiological and metabolic levels and appeal for considering the effects of long-term aging on TWP toxicity in risk assessment of TWPs.

Triazine-Carbazole-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks as Efficient Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for the Oxidation of N-aryltetrahydroisoquinolines.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted growing interests as new material platform for a range of applications. In this study, a triazine-carbazole-based covalent organic framework (COF-TCZ) was designed as highly porous material with conjugated donor-acceptor networks, and feasibly synthesized by the Schiff condensation of 4,4',4''-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tr ianiline (TAPB) and 9-(4-formylphenyl)-9H-carbazole-3,6-dicarbaldehyde (CZTA) under the solvothermal condition. Considering the effect of linkage, the imine-linked COF-TCZ was further oxidized to obtain an amide-linked covalent organic framework (COF-TCZ-O). The as-synthesized COFs show high crystallinity, good thermal and chemical stability, and excellent photoactive properties. Two π-conjugated triazine-carbazole-based COFs with tunable linkages are beneficial for light-harvesting capacity and charge separation efficiency, which are empolyed as photocatalysts for the oxidation reaction of N-aryltetrahydroisoquinoline. The COFs catalyst systems exhibit the outstanding photocatalytic performance with high conversion, photostability and recyclability. Photoelectrochemical tests were employed to examine the behavior of photogenerated charge carriers in photo-illumination system. The control experiments provide further insights into the nature of photocatalysis. In addition, the current research also provided a valuable approach for developing photofunctional COFs to meet challenge in achieving the great potential of COFs materials in organic conversion.

Highly Efficient Room-Temperature Nonvolatile Magnetic Switching by Current in Fe3GaTe2 Thin Flakes.

Effectively tuning magnetic state by using current is essential for novel spintronic devices. Magnetic van der Waals (vdW) materials have shown superior properties for the applications of magnetic information storage based on the efficient spin torque effect. However, for most of known vdW ferromagnets, the ferromagnetic transition temperatures lower than room temperature strongly impede their applications and the room-temperature vdW spintronic device with low energy consumption is still a long-sought goal. Here, the highly efficient room-temperature nonvolatile magnetic switching is realized by current in a single-material device based on vdW ferromagnet Fe3GaTe2. Moreover, the switching current density and power dissipation are about 300 and 60000 times smaller than conventional spin-orbit-torque devices of magnet/heavy-metal heterostructures. These findings make an important progress on the applications of magnetic vdW materials in the fields of spintronics and magnetic information storage.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: To date, few studies have compared effectiveness and survival rates of neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy (NACI) and conventional neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) in patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The present study was conducted to compare therapeutic response and survival between NACI and NCRT. METHODS: The study cohort comprised patients with locally advanced ESCC treated with either NACI or NCRT followed by surgery between June 2018 and March 2021. The 2 groups were compared for treatment response, 3-year overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS). Survival curves were created using the Kaplan-Meier method, differences were compared using the log-rank test, and potential imbalances were corrected for using the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method. RESULTS: Among 202 patients with locally advanced ESCC, 81 received NACI and 121 received conventional NCRT. After IPTW adjustment, the R0 resection rate (85.2% vs 92.3%; P = .227) and the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate (27.5% vs 36.4%; P = .239) were comparable between the 2 groups. Nevertheless, patients who received NACI exhibited both a better 3-year OS rate (91.7% vs 79.8%; P = .032) and a better 3-year DFS rate (87.4% vs 72.8%; P = .039) compared with NCRT recipients. CONCLUSIONS: NACI has R0 resection and pCR rates comparable to those of NCRT and seems to be correlated with better prognosis than NCRT. NACI followed by surgery may be an effective treatment strategy for locally advanced ESCC.

Near-room temperature ferromagnetism and a tunable anomalous Hall effect in atomically thin Fe4CoGeTe2.

Itinerant ferromagnetism at room temperature is a key factor for spin transport and manipulation. Here, we report the realization of near-room temperature itinerant ferromagnetism in Co doped Fe5GeTe2 thin flakes. The ferromagnetic transition temperature TC (∼323 K-337 K) is almost unchanged when the thickness is as low as 12 nm and is still about 284 K at 2 nm (bilayer thickness). Theoretical calculations further indicate that the ferromagnetism persists in monolayer Fe4CoGeTe2. In addition to the robust ferromagnetism down to the ultrathin limit, Fe4CoGeTe2 exhibits an unusual temperature- and thickness-dependent intrinsic anomalous Hall effect. We propose that it could be ascribed to the dependence of the band structure on thickness that changes the Berry curvature near the Fermi energy level subtly. The near-room temperature ferromagnetism and tunable anomalous Hall effect in atomically thin Fe4CoGeTe2 provide opportunities to understand the exotic transport properties of two-dimensional van der Waals magnetic materials and explore their potential applications in spintronics.

A nationwide investigation on the characteristics and health risk of trace elements in surface water across China.

Rapid urbanization accelerates the release of anthropogenic heavy metals from local to wider water systems, posing a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and public health. The characteristics of trace elements were investigated to evaluate the environmental status of surface water in 40 cities of China. The concentrations of 22 elements in surface water ranged from 7.00 × 10-4 to 4.37 × 105 µg/L. The water quality can be classified as "excellent" except Songhuajiang. The levels of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg are all within the limits permitted by national drinking water quality standards. An obvious regional distribution characteristic was observed, with concentrations of Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Co, U, and Cr higher in surface water collected in the north than in the south, while the trends for Cd, Tl, and As are opposite. Notably, Tl shows significant geographical divergences, with the level of surface water collected from the south nine times higher than that from the north. The regional distribution of the mineral, industrial, or agricultural activity might be responsible for the south-to-north difference of these elements. The hazard index (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR) through oral or dermal contact with water-related heavy metals were further calculated. The average HI was 0.54 in the north and 0.29 in the south for adults, while HI for children was relatively higher. The value was 1.01 and 0.55 in the north and south, respectively. TCR in the north is 2.58 × 10-4 and mainly contributed by Cr (88.1 %), while TCR in the south is 4.48 × 10-5 and mainly contributed by As (98.4 %). The research results can provide essential data for effective water resources management and human health protection in China.

A model of hybrid speciation process drawn from three new poplar species originating from distant hybridization between sections.

Although numerous studies have been conducted on hybrid speciation, our understanding of this process remains limited. Through an 18-year systematic investigation of all taxa of Populus on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we discovered three new taxa with clear characteristics of sect. Leucoides. Further evidence was gathered from morphology, whole-genome bioinformatics, biogeography, and breeding to demonstrate synthetically that they all originated from distant hybridization between sect. Leucoides and sect. Tacamahaca. P. gonggaensis originated from the hybridization of P. lasiocarpa with P. cathayana, P. butuoensis from the hybridization of P. wilsonii with P. szechuanica, and P. dafengensis from the hybridization of P. lasiocarpa with P. szechuanica. Due to heterosis, the three hybrid taxa possess greater ecological adaptability than their ancestral species. We propose a hybrid speciation process model that incorporates orthogonal, reverse, and backcrossing events. This model can adequately explain some crucial evolutionary concerns, such as the nuclear-cytoplasmic conflict on phylogeny and the extinction of ancestral species within the distribution range of hybrid species.

CYP19A1 promotes gastric cancer as part of a lipid metabolism-related gene signature related to the response of immunotherapy and prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that the metabolism of lipids plays a crucial role in the progression of gastric cancer. However, the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes (LMGs) still does not serve as a prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer. METHODS: We obtained transcriptome data for 751 LMGs and divided STAD patients into two subtypes based on differences in LMGs expression. Then, we analyzed genetic changes in two subtypes as well as immune features to determine their differences. We also constructed a prognostic risk model related to LMGs for individualized comprehensive evaluations. RESULTS: In this study, two lipid metabolic (LM) subtypes were identified anchored in the expression profiles of LMGs. Clinical information, genomic alterations, immune features, and immunotherapy response varied significantly between the two LM subtypes. A risk model based on LMGs was also developed to assess prognosis and distinguish patients with high risk from those at low risk. The prognosis differed significantly between the two risk groups of patients. In STAD patients, the risk score was strongly correlated with genomic alterations and immune profile scores. Also, the risk score was an excellent predictor of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) response. Anchored in preliminary results derived from the aforementioned bioinformatic analysis, we chose CYP19A1 as our target gene and the expression of CYP19A1 was verified in several common gastric cancer cell lines. Then, we carried out the Western blotting, CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assay to explore the effects of CYP19A1 on malignant biological behavior, and positive consequences were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, STAD patients were divided into two subtypes based on LMGs expression. It is possible to assess the prognosis of a patient and the response to immunotherapy using the established prognostic risk model. A series of basic laboratory experiments also verified the functional role of CYP19A1 in gastric cancer.

Monitoring Endangered and Rare Wildlife in the Field: A Foundation Deep Learning Model Integrating Human Knowledge for Incremental Recognition with Few Data and Low Cost.

Intelligent monitoring of endangered and rare wildlife is important for biodiversity conservation. In practical monitoring, few animal data are available to train recognition algorithms. The system must, therefore, achieve high accuracy with limited resources. Simultaneously, zoologists expect the system to be able to discover unknown species to make significant discoveries. To date, none of the current algorithms have these abilities. Therefore, this paper proposed a KI-CLIP method. Firstly, by first introducing CLIP, a foundation deep learning model that has not yet been applied in animal fields, the powerful recognition capability with few training resources is exploited with an additional shallow network. Secondly, inspired by the single-image recognition abilities of zoologists, we incorporate easily accessible expert description texts to improve performance with few samples. Finally, a simple incremental learning module is designed to detect unknown species. We conducted extensive comparative experiments, ablation experiments, and case studies on 12 datasets containing real data. The results validate the effectiveness of KI-CLIP, which can be trained on multiple real scenarios in seconds, achieving in our study over 90% recognition accuracy with only 8 training samples, and over 97% with 16 training samples. In conclusion, KI-CLIP is suitable for practical animal monitoring.

Differences in serum cytokine levels distinguish between clinically noninvasive lung adenocarcinoma and invasive lung adenocarcinoma: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Lung cancer incidence and mortality remain high and are now the leading cause of cancer-related death. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the main histological subtypes of lung cancer. Previous studies have shown the role of inflammation in the development of lung cancer, but the relationship between cytokines and LUAD is still unclear. To further differentiate and explore the association of cytokines with the risk of non-invasive and invasive LUAD, we studied and assessed serum cytokine levels in patients with two types of LUAD. Methods: A cohort study of 90 non-invasive LUAD and 90 invasive LUAD was retrospectively included, and the clinical characteristics were recorded in detail. The differences in the levels of 12 serum cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-12P70, IL-17A, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) between the two groups of patients with LUAD were analyzed and evaluated. And we evaluated the clinical value of cytokine differential diagnosis of invasive LUAD based on receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Results: The mean age of the patients was 56.6 years, and the proportions of males and females were 38.9% and 61.1%, respectively. IFN-α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-8 were significantly increased in patients with invasive LUAD compared with the non-invasive LUAD group. Further research found that smoking is an important factor, with changes in the four cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α being significantly higher in the smoking group of patients with invasive LUAD. It can be seen from the area under the curve that IL-1ß and IL-2 have a significant differential diagnosis. Conclusions: We observed differences in preoperative serum cytokine levels between patients with invasive and non-invasive LUAD, which may serve as potential serum biomarkers for clinical differential diagnosis and disease progression assessment.

Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in diabetic cognitive impairment.

Diabetic cognitive impairment (DCI) is a complex complication of diabetes in the central nervous system, and its pathological mechanism is still being explored. Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in central nervous system that perform diverse functions in health and disease. Accumulating excellent research has identified astrocyte dysfunction in many neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, aging and Parkinson's disease), and summarized and discussed its pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic value. However, the contribution of astrocytes to DCI has been largely overlooked. In this review, we first systematically summarized the effects and mechanisms of diabetes on brain astrocytes, and found that the diabetic environment (such as hyperglycemia, advanced glycation end products and cerebral insulin resistance) mediated brain reactive astrogliosis, which was specifically reflected in the changes of cell morphology and the remodeling of signature molecules. Secondly, we emphasized the contribution and potential targets of reactive astrogliosis to DCI, and found that reactive astrogliosis-induced increased blood-brain barrier permeability, glymphatic system dysfunction, neuroinflammation, abnormal cell communication and cholesterol metabolism dysregulation worsened cognitive function. In addition, we summarized effective strategies for treating DCI by targeting astrocytes. Finally, we discuss the application of new techniques in astrocytes, including single-cell transcriptome, in situ sequencing, and prospected new functions, new subsets and new targets of astrocytes in DCI.

Case report: Lung transplantation for treatment of paraquat intoxication: timing of transplantation.

Objective: To analyze the optimal timing of lung transplantation and summarize postoperative complications and their management after paraquat poisoning. Methods: Here, we present the clinical course of a 17-year-old boy with paraquat poisoning, in whom bilateral lung transplantation (LT) was performed. We reviewed the eight previously published articles relevant to LT after paraquat poisoning to summarize the therapeutic strategy. Results: A 17-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital after ingestion of 30-50 mL 25% paraquat. Mechanical ventilation was initiated on the 25th day after intoxication. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was initiated on the 26th day. Sequential bilateral LT was performed on the 27th day. Several complex postoperative complications occurred and the patient was discharged on the 50th day postoperatively. Eight case reports were included in the literature review, including 11 patients with paraquat poisoning undergoing LT. Three patients died due to paraquat poisoning leading to fibrosis in the transplanted lungs or postoperative complications. Eight patients survived during follow-up. Conclusion: LT after herbicide poisoning should be planned when hepatorenal function starts to recover, and waiting for complete recovery is unnecessary. Prevention of infection before surgery is important to reduce the incidence of postoperative infection. Complex perioperative complications caused by the herbicide itself or the late timing of transplantation can be successfully managed by a multidisciplinary team.

Enhancing polyol/sugar cascade oxidation to formic acid with defect rich MnO2 catalysts.

Oxidation of renewable polyol/sugar into formic acid using molecular O2 over heterogeneous catalysts is still challenging due to the insufficient activation of both O2 and organic substrates on coordination-saturated metal oxides. In this study, we develop a defective MnO2 catalyst through a coordination number reduction strategy to enhance the aerobic oxidation of various polyols/sugars to formic acid. Compared to common MnO2, the tri-coordinated Mn in the defective MnO2 catalyst displays the electronic reconstruction of surface oxygen charge state and rich surface oxygen vacancies. These oxygen vacancies create more Mnδ+ Lewis acid site together with nearby oxygen as Lewis base sites. This combined structure behaves much like Frustrated Lewis pairs, serving to facilitate the activation of O2, as well as C-C and C-H bonds. As a result, the defective MnO2 catalyst shows high catalytic activity (turnover frequency: 113.5 h-1) and formic acid yield (>80%) comparable to noble metal catalysts for glycerol oxidation. The catalytic system is further extended to the oxidation of other polyols/sugars to formic acid with excellent catalytic performance.

A longitudinal study of fatty acid profiles, macronutrient levels, and plasmin activity in human milk.

Introduction: Human milk provides nutrients essential for infant growth and health, levels of which are dynamic during lactation. Methods: In this study, changes in macronutrients, fatty acids, and plasmin activities over the first six months of lactation in term milk were studied. Results: There was a significant influence of lactation stage on levels of protein and plasmin activities, but not on levels of fat and carbohydrate in term milk. Concerning fatty acids in term milk, levels of caproic acid and α-linolenic acid increased significantly (p < 0.05), whereas those of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid decreased, in the six months after birth. Significant impacts of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and infant gender on fatty acid profiles were also found. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that protein level, plasmin activity, and several fatty acids (α-linolenic acid, lignoceric acid, and docasadienoic acid) contributed strongly to discrimination of milk from different lactational stages. Discussion: The study demonstrates that not all but some fatty acids were influenced by lactation, whereas protein and protease levels showed clear decreasing trends during lactation, which may help in understanding the nutritional requirements of infants.

Textile Bandwidth-Enhanced Polarization-Reconfigurable Half-Mode Substrate-Integrated Cavity Antenna.

A textile bandwidth-enhanced polarization-reconfigurable half-mode substrate-integrated cavity antenna was designed for wearable applications. A slot was cut out from the patch of a basic textile HMSIC antenna to excite two close resonances to form a wide -10 dB impedance band. The simulated axial ratio curve indicates the linear and circular polarization of the antenna radiation at different frequencies. Based on that, two sets of snap buttons were added at the radiation aperture to shift the -10 dB band. Therefore, a larger frequency range can be flexibly covered, and the polarization can be reconfigured at a fixed frequency by switching the state of snap buttons. According to the measured results on a fabricated prototype, the -10 dB impedance band of the proposed antenna can be reconfigured to cover 2.29~2.63 GHz (13.9% fractional bandwidth), and the circular/linear polarization radiation can be observed at 2.42 GHz with buttons OFF/ON. Additionally, simulations and measurements were carried out to validate the design and to study the effects of human body and bending conditions on the antenna performance.