Additive Effect of Parathyroid Hormone and Zoledronate Acid on Prevention Particle Wears-Induced Implant Loosening by Promoting Periprosthetic Bone Architecture and Strength in an Ovariectomized Rat Model.

Implant-generated particle wears are considered as the major cause for the induction of implant loosening, which is more susceptible to patients with osteoporosis. Monotherapy with parathyroid hormone (PTH) or zoledronate acid (ZOL) has been proven efficient for preventing early-stage periprosthetic osteolysis, while the combination therapy with PTH and ZOL has exerted beneficial effects on the treatment of posterior lumbar vertebral fusion and disuse osteopenia. However, PTH and ZOL still have not been licensed for the treatment of implant loosening to date clinically. In this study, we have explored the effect of single or combined administration with PTH and ZOL on implant loosening in a rat model of osteoporosis. After 12 weeks of ovariectomized surgery, a femoral particle-induced periprosthetic osteolysis model was established. Vehicle, PTH (5 days per week), ZOL (100 mg/kg per week), or combination therapy was utilized for another 6 weeks before sacrifice, followed by micro-CT, histology, mechanical testing, and bone turnover examination. PTH monotherapy or combined PTH with ZOL exerted a protective effect on maintaining implant stability by elevating periprosthetic bone mass and inhibiting pseudomembrane formation. Moreover, an additive effect was observed when combining PTH with ZOL, resulting in better fixation strength, higher periprosthetic bone mass, and less pseudomembrane than PTH monotherapy. Taken together, our results suggested that a combination therapy of PTH and ZOL might be a promising approach for the intervention of early-stage implant loosening in patients with osteoporosis.

α-Mangostin inhibits LPS-induced bone resorption by restricting osteoclastogenesis via NF-κB and MAPK signaling.

BACKGROUND: Excessive osteoclast activation is an important cause of imbalanced bone remodeling that leads to pathological bone destruction. This is a clear feature of many osteolytic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and osteolysis around prostheses. Because many natural compounds have therapeutic potential for treating these diseases by suppressing osteoclast formation and function, we hypothesized that α-mangostin, a natural compound isolated from mangosteen, might be a promising treatment as it exhibits anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardioprotective effects. METHODS: We evaluated the therapeutic effect of α-mangostin on the processes of osteoclast formation and bone resorption. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) induces osteoclast formation in vitro, and potential pathways of α-mangostin to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and function were explored. A mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced calvarial osteolysis was established. Subsequently, micro-computed tomography and histological assays were used to evaluate the effect of α-mangostin in preventing inflammatory osteolysis. RESULTS: We found that α-mangostin could inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and reduced osteoclast-related gene expression in vitro. F-actin ring immunofluorescence and resorption pit assays indicated that α-mangostin also inhibited osteoclast functions. It achieved these effects by disrupting the activation of NF-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Our in vivo data revealed that α-mangostin could protect mouse calvarial bone from osteolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that α-mangostin can inhibit osteoclastogenesis both in vitro and in vivo and may be a potential option for treating osteoclast-related diseases.

Genetic Associations Between IL-6 and the Development of Autoimmune Arthritis Are Gender-Specific.

Objectives: To find out the genetic association between IL6 and autoimmune arthritis. Methods: We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study using multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) datasets. Furthermore, a sex-stratified MR study was performed to identify sexual dimorphism in the association between IL6 and autoimmune arthritis. Then, LocusZoom plots were displayed based on the IL6R gene region to present evidence of genetic colocalization between diseases. Results: The MR result denoted a genetic association between the increased level of IL-6 signaling and risk of RA (ß=0.325, 95%CI 0.088, 0.561, p=7.08E-03) and AS (ß=1.240, 95%CI 0.495, 1.980, p=1.1E-03). Accordingly, sIL6R was found to have negatively correlation with the onset of RA (ß=-0.020, 95%CI -0.0320, -0.008, p=1.18E-03) and AS (ß=-0.125, 95%CI -0.177, -0.073, p=2.29E-06). However, no genetic association between IL6/sIL6R and PsA was detected. The gender-stratified MR analysis showed that IL6 was associated with AS in the male population, with RA in the female population, and with PsA in the male population. Additionally, ADAR, a gene identified by a sensitive test, could be the reason for the nonsignificant association between IL6 and PsA in a pooled population. Conclusion: Our findings showed that the overactive IL6 signal pathway led to autoimmune arthritis, especially in RA and AS. Sexual difference was also observed in IL6-intermediate susceptibility to autoimmune arthritis.

Blockage of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Exerts an Antitumor Effect via Regulating Energy Metabolism and Enhances the Efficacy of Autophagy Inhibitors by Regulating Transcription Factor EB Nuclear Translocation in Osteosarcoma.

Accumulating evidence suggests that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a valuable target molecule for cancer. However, antitumor drugs targeting ERK are still in their clinical phase and no FDA-approved medications exist. In this study, we identified an ERK inhibitor (ERKi; Vx-11e) with potential antitumor activities, which was reflected by the inhibition in the survival and proliferation of Osteosarcoma (OS) cells. Mechanistically, the ERKi regulated autophagic flux by promoting the translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) in OS cells, thereby increasing the dependence of OS cells on autophagy and sensitivity to treatment with autophagy inhibitors in OS. Besides, we also found that the ERKi could regulate mitochondrial apoptosis through the ROS/mitochondria pathway and aerobic glycolysis in OS, which also increases the dependence of OS cells on autophagy to clear metabolites to a certain extent. These results may provide a reference for the clinically improved efficacy of ERKis in combination with autophagy inhibitors in the treatment of OS and indicate its potential as a therapeutic agent.

A 3D-printed PRP-GelMA hydrogel promotes osteochondral regeneration through M2 macrophage polarization in a rabbit model.

Osteochondral regeneration is an orchestrated process of inflammatory immunity, host cell response, and implant degradation in tissue engineering. Here, the effects of a platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel scaffold fabricated using the digital micro-mirror device (DMD) technique for osteochondral repair were investigated in a rabbit model. GelMA hydrogels with different PRP concentrations were fabricated, and their roles in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and macrophage polarization in vitro were investigated. The incorporation of 20% PRP into the hydrogel showed optimal effects on the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The 20% PRP-GelMA (v/v) hydrogel also promoted M2 polarization with high expression of Arg1 and CD206. Compared to the 20% PRP group, the 50% PRP group showed similar biological roles in BMSCs but less extent of osteogenesis. In the vivo study, the 20% PRP-GelMA composite was used for osteochondral reconstruction and showed more cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration than that observed using the pure GelMA hydrogel. The PRP-GelMA group exhibited more M2 macrophage infiltration and less M1 macrophage presentation at three time points as compared to the nontreatment group. The expression of Arg1 in the PRP-GelMA group increased significantly at 6 weeks but decreased to a lower level at 12 weeks, while CD163 showed sustained high expression until 18 weeks. Our findings demonstrated that the 3D-printed PRP-GelMA composite could promote osteochondral repair through immune regulation by M2 polarization and could be a potential candidate for osteochondral tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: PRP-GelMA hydrogels promoted the migration and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. PRP-GelMA hydrogels participated in immune regulation and M1-to-M2 transition of macrophages. PRP-GelMA hydrogels coordinated and promoted several overlapping osteochondral repair events, including dynamic immune regulation, chemotaxis of MSCs, and osteochondral differentiation. PRP-GelMA hydrogels showed superior cartilage and subchondral bone repair properties.

Water extract of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum enhanced pd-l1 antibody efficiency through downregulation and relieved complications of pd-l1 monoclonal antibody.

PURPOSE: Osteosarcoma is a malignant musculoskeletal tumor with early metastasis and a poor prognosis, especially in adolescents. Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. Ex Fr.) Karst (G. lucidum), a traditional East Asian medicine, has been reported to play a critical role in antitumor and immunomodulatory activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of water extract of sporoderm-broken spores of G. lucidum (BSGWE) on osteosarcoma PD-L1 (programmed cell death-ligand 1) transcriptional regulation, efficacy enhancement, and side effect remission. METHODS: The antitumor effects on cell proliferation of BSGWE in osteosarcoma cells were detected by apoptosis flow cytometry, and the migration ability of HOS and K7M2 cells were evaluated by cell scratch assay. Potential signaling regulation of PD-L1 was detected by western blotting. To confirm the signaling pathway of BSGWE-related PD-L1 downregulation, a pho-STAT3 turnover experiment was carried out. Colivelin was administered as a pho-STAT3 activator to rescue the BSGWE-induced PD-L1 inhibition. To further study in vivo signaling, in a Balb/c osteosarcoma allograft model, tumor volume was measured using an in vivo bioluminescence imaging system. The body weight curve and tumor volume curve were analyzed to reveal the remission effects of BSGWE on PD-L1 antibody-related body weight loss and its immunomodulatory effects on the osteosarcoma and spleen. The PD-L1 expression level and expression of related transcription-factor pho-STAT3 in tumor cells and spleens were assessed by IHC analysis. RESULTS: BSGWE suppressed the proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma cells in vitro via induction of apoptosis. In addition, BSGWE downregulated PD-L1 expression and related STAT3 (signal transducers and activators of transcription) phosphorylation levels in a dose-dependent manner. Western blotting and qRT-PCR assay revealed that BSGWE downregulated PD-L1 expression by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation. A turnover experiment showed that colivelin administration could rescue PD-L1 inhibition via pho-STAT3 activation. BSGWE not only downregulated PD-L1 expression via the STAT3 pathway in an allograft Balb/c mouse model, but also relieved complications including weight loss and spleen atrophy in a mouse monoclonal antibody therapy model on the basis of its traditional advantages in immune enhancement. CONCLUSION: BSGWE downregulated PD-L1 expression via pho-STAT3 inhibition of protein and RNA levels. BSGWE enhanced PD-L1 antibody efficacy via phosphorylated STAT3 downregulation in vitro and in vivo. BSGWE also relieved complications of weight loss and spleen atrophy in a murine allograft osteosarcoma immune checkpoint blockade therapy model.

Comparison of Leukocyte-Rich Platelet-Rich Plasma and Leukocyte-Poor Platelet-Rich Plasma on Achilles Tendinopathy at an Early Stage in a Rabbit Model.

BACKGROUND: Tendinopathy is still a great challenge in clinical practice, and the role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is controversial. The influence of leukocytes on tendinopathy at an early stage has not been defined so far. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of leukocyte-rich PRP (Lr-PRP) and leukocyte-poor PRP (Lp-PRP) on Achilles tendinopathy when applied at an early stage. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: A rabbit Achilles tendinopathy model was induced by a collagenase injection. A week later, treatments were applied randomly on local Achilles tendon lesions: (1) 200 µL of Lr-PRP (16 legs), (2) 200 µL of Lp-PRP (16 legs), and (3) 200 µL of saline (16 legs). At 3 and 6 weeks after the collagenase injection, outcomes were evaluated by histology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: The Lr-PRP group had a lower T2 signal intensity (P = .0377) and smaller diameter (P = .0193) and cross-sectional area (P = .0194) than the Lp-PRP group on MRI. Histologically, the Lr-PRP group had better scores than the Lp-PRP group (P = .0284 and P = .0188, respectively). Compared with the Lp-PRP group, higher gene expression and more protein synthesis of collagen I (P = .0160 and P = .0309, respectively) and CD163 (P < .0001 and P = .0411, respectively) were found in the Lr-PRP group. Considering TEM and biomechanical testing, the Lr-PRP group demonstrated more mature collagen fibers (P < .0001), a larger fiber diameter (P = .0005), a higher failure load (P = .00417), and higher tensile stress (P < .0001) than the Lp-PRP group. CONCLUSION: Lr-PRP had more beneficial effects than Lp-PRP when delivered at an early stage during tendon repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Here, we showed that tendinopathy influenced the curative effects of PRP in vivo. An early-stage application of Lr-PRP had more benefits for the repair of tendinopathy than Lp-PRP in a rabbit model, which will supplement guidelines of PRP treatment on tendinopathy clinically.

Malignant fibrous neoplasms of long bones: analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database from 1973 to 2015.

BACKGROUND: Malignant fibrous neoplasms (MFN) of long bones are rare lesions. Moreover, the prognostic determinants of MFN of long bones have not been reported. This study aimed to present epidemiological data and analyse the prognostic factors for survival in patients with MFN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) programme database was used to screen patients with malignant fibrous neoplasms (MFN) of long bones from 1973 to 2015, with attention to fibrosarcoma, fibromyxosarcoma, periosteal fibrosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. The prognostic values of overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were assessed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model with univariate and multivariate analyses. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to obtain OS and CSS curves. RESULTS: A total of 237 cases were selected from the SEER database. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma was the most common form of lesion in long bones. Multivariate analysis revealed that independent predictors of OS included age, stage, tumour size and surgery. Age, stage, tumour size and surgery were also independent predictors of CSS. Additionally, the most significant prognostic factor was whether metastasis had occurred at the time of initial diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Among patients with MFN of long bones, age (> 60 years), tumour size (> 10 cm), distant stage, and non-surgical treatment are factors for poor survival.

Suture Button Versus Hook Plate for Acute Unstable Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation: A Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment is indicated for unstable acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation. The hook plate (HP) technique is a commonly used treatment method, but the use of the suture button (SB) technique is increasing. PURPOSE: To conduct a meta-analysis of clinical studies evaluating patient outcomes between the SB and HP techniques for acute unstable AC joint dislocation. STUDY DESIGN: Meta-analysis. METHODS: A literature search of the Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Cohort studies and case-control studies comparing the SB and HP procedures for acute unstable AC joint dislocation were included. Statistical analysis was performed with RevMan (v 5.3.5). RESULTS: Eight clinical studies that met the inclusion criteria were identified and included a total of 204 patients treated with the SB technique and 195 patients with the HP technique. Patients treated with the SB technique had a higher Constant score (mean difference [MD], 3.95; 95% CI, 1.20-6.70; P = .005) and a lower visual analog scale pain score (MD, -0.75; 95% CI, -1.12 to 0.37; P < .0001) when compared with the HP technique. No significant differences in operation time (MD, -0.38; 95% CI, -7.14 to 6.37; P = .91), coracoclavicular distance (MD, -0.07; 95% CI, -0.49 to 0.35; P = .75), complications (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.22-1.54; P = .28), and loss of reduction (odds ratio, 2.55; 95% CI, 0.66-9.83; P = .17) were found between the SB and HP techniques. The subgroup analysis showed that the arthroscopic SB technique resulted in a higher Constant score (MD, 6.75; 95% CI, 4.21-9.29; P < .00001) as compared with the HP technique, but no differences were observed between the open SB and HP techniques (MD, 0.69; 95% CI, -0.82 to 2.20; P = .37). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis demonstrated that the SB technique resulted in better functional outcomes and a reduced visual analog scale pain score when compared with the HP technique. However, for operation time, coracoclavicular distance, complications, and loss of reduction, there were no statistically significant differences between the techniques. Compared with the open procedure, arthroscopic SB may be superior for better functional outcomes.

Catalpol suppresses osteoclastogenesis and attenuates osteoclast-derived bone resorption by modulating PTEN activity.

Excessive activation of osteoclast activity is responsible for many bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, periprosthetic osteolysis, and periodontitis. Natural compounds that inhibit osteoclast formation and/or function have therapeutic potential for treating these diseases. Catalpol, a bioactive iridoid extracted from a traditional herbal medicine Rehmannia glutinosa, exhibits various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antitumor effects. However, its effects on osteoclast formation and function remain unknown. In the present study, we showed that catalpol inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption, as well as the expression of osteoclast-related marker genes. The investigation of molecular mechanisms showed that catalpol upregulated phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) activity by reducing its ubiquitination and degradation, subsequently suppressing RANKL-induced NF-κB and AKT signaling pathways, leading to an inhibition on NFATc1 induction. Furthermore, catalpol protected mice against inflammation- and ovariectomy-induced bone loss by inhibiting osteoclast activity in vivo. These results suggest that catalpol might be developed as a promising candidate for treating osteoclast-related bone diseases.

Stachydrine prevents LPS-induced bone loss by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis via NF-κB and Akt signalling.

Osteoclast overactivation-induced imbalance in bone remodelling leads to pathological bone destruction, which is a characteristic of many osteolytic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, periprosthetic osteolysis and periodontitis. Natural compounds that suppress osteoclast formation and function have therapeutic potential for treating these diseases. Stachydrine (STA) is a bioactive alkaloid isolated from Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet and possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and cardioprotective properties. However, its effects on osteoclast formation and function have been rarely described. In the present study, we found that STA suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption, and reduced osteoclast-related gene expression in vitro. Mechanistically, STA inhibited RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB and Akt signalling, thus suppressing nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 induction and nuclear translocation. In addition, STA alleviated bone loss and reduced osteoclast number in a murine model of LPS-induced inflammatory bone loss. STA also inhibited the activities of NF-κB and NFATc1 in vivo. Together, these results suggest that STA effectively inhibits osteoclastogenesis both in vitro and in vivo and therefore is a potential option for treating osteoclast-related diseases.

Survival Analysis of Patients with Osseous Malignant Vascular Tumors: Results of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database from 1973 to 2015.

BACKGROUND Osseous malignant vascular tumors (OMVTs) are rare lesions. Moreover, the prognostic determinants of OMVTs have not been reported. This study aimed to present epidemiological data and analyze the prognostic factors of survival in OMVT patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS OMVT patients who were diagnosed between 1973 and 2015 were screened using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program database, with special attention paid to osseous hemangiosarcoma (OAS) and osseous hemangioendothelioma (OHE). We assessed the prognostic values of cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) rates with a Cox proportional hazards regression model and univariate and multivariate analyses. OS and CSS curves were obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS A total of 202 cases were selected from the SEER database. The specific histopathological diagnoses were osseous hemangiosarcoma (n=127) and osseous hemangioendothelioma (n=75). Among OMVT patients, histology was an important factor in determining survival. Using multivariate analysis, old age, distant tumor stage, surgery, and low tumor grade were predictors of OS for OAS patients. Old age, surgery, and low tumor grade were predictors of CSS. Using multivariate analysis, old age and surgery were predictors of OS and CSS for OHE patients. CONCLUSIONS This study is the largest population-based study to show the demographic characteristics and analyze the prognosis of OMVT patients. Independent predictors of OS for patients with AS included old age, distant tumor stage, low tumor grade, and surgery. Old age, surgery, and low tumor grade were also predictors of CSS for patients with OAS. Independent predictors of CSS and OS for patients with OHE included old age and surgery.

Identification of key genes and pathways in Ewing's sarcoma patients associated with metastasis and poor prognosis.

Background: Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the second commonest primary malignant bone neoplasm. Metastatic status at diagnosis strongly predicted poor prognosis of Ewing sarcoma patients. Yet little was known about the underlying mechanism of ES metastasis. Purpose:This study intended to identify the relationship between key genes/pathways and metastasis/poor prognosis in Ewing's sarcoma patients by using bioinformatic method. Methods: In this study, multi-center sequencing data were obtained from the GEO database, including gene and miRNA expression profile and prognosis information of ES patients. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between primary and metastasis ES samples by the GEO2R online tool. Gene ontology (Go) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed. And PPI network analyses were conducted. The ES patient's prognostic information was employed for survival analysis, and the potential relationship between miRNAs and key genes was analyzed. Results: The results showed that a total of 298 and 428 DEGs were screened out in metastasis samples based on GSE17618 and GSE12102 dataset compared to primary samples respectively. The most significantly enriched KEGG pathway was the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. MSH2, MSH6, RPA2, and RFC2 that belong to the MMR pathway were identified as key genes. Moreover, the expression of key genes was increased in metastasis samples compared with primary ones and was associated with poor event-free and overall survival of ES patients. The negative correlation of the expression level of the key genes with patients prognosis also supported by TCGA sarcoma database. Furthermore, knockdown of EWSR/FLI1 fusion in ES cell line A673 down-regulates the expression of the 4 key genes was revealed by GDS4962. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study indicated that the key genes promote our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of ES metastasis, and might be used as molecular targets and diagnostic biomarkers for the treatment of ES.

Nomograms Predict Cancer-Specific and Overall Survival of Patients With Primary Limb Leiomyosarcoma.

To date, there have been no data to predict the survival of patients with leiomyosarcoma from soft limb tissue because of the rarity of this disease. Nomograms have been widely applied in clinical oncology to precisely predict the survival of individual patients. This was a retrospective study to construct and validate nomograms to predict the cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with primary limb leiomyosarcoma (PL-LMS). A total of 1,208 patients with LMS from limb soft tissue were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1975 to 2015. We identified independent prognostic factors using univariate and multivariate Cox analyses. These prognostic factors were then included in the nomograms to predict 3- and 5-year CSS and OS rates. Finally, we validated the nomograms internally and externally. A total of 1208 patients were collected and divided into validation (N = 604) and training (N = 604) groups. Age, race, grade, tumor size, stage, and surgical types were demonstrated as independent prognostic factors for CSS and OS (all p < 0.05) and further used to construct the nomograms. The concordance index (C-index) for CSS was 0.857 for internal validation and 0.727 for external validation. The C-index for OS and CSS both demonstrated that the nomogram prediction agreed perfectly with actual survival. We developed nomograms to predict CSS and OS in PL-LMS patients and can benefit from using them to identify patients' mortality risk and make more precise assessments regarding survival. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1649-1657, 2019.

Water Extract of Sporoderm-Broken Spores of Ganoderma lucidum Induces Osteosarcoma Apoptosis and Restricts Autophagic Flux.

PURPOSE: Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor with easy metastasis and poor prognosis. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), a traditional Chinese medicine, was reported playing a critical role in suppressing multiple tumor progress. So we wanted to investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of water extract of sporoderm-broken spores of G. lucidum (BSGLWE) on osteosarcoma. METHODS: In vitro, the effects on cell proliferation of BSGLWE in osteosarcoma cells were detected by CCK-8, colony formation assay and flow cytometry; migration ability of osteosarcoma cells was evaluated by cell scratch and transwell assays. Cell apoptosis and autophagy were tested by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Potential signaling pathways were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. In xenograft orthotopic model, the luminescence intensity measured by an in vivo bioluminescence imaging system, and the expression of related proteins in tumor cells were assessed by IHC analysis. RESULTS: BSGLWE suppressed the proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma cells in a dose-dependent manner, and osteosarcoma cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase was arrested by the BSGLWE. In addition, increased apoptosis-related protein expression meant BSFLWE induced caspase-dependent apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. TEM results indicated that BSGLWE promoted the formation of apoptotic bodies and autophagosomes in HOS and U2 cells. Western blotting or immunofluorescence and rescue assay revealed that BSGLWE blocked autophagic flux by inducing initiation of autophagy and increasing autophagosome accumulation of osteosarcoma cells. BSGLWE not only repressed the angiogenesis in the mouse model, but also induced apoptosis and blocked autophagy in vivo. CONCLUSION: BSGLWE inhibits osteosarcoma progression.

Tomatidine suppresses osteoclastogenesis and mitigates estrogen deficiency-induced bone mass loss by modulating TRAF6-mediated signaling.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is initiated by estrogen withdrawal and is characterized mainly by overactivated osteoclastic bone resorption. Targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) or its downstream signaling pathways to modulate osteoclast formation and function is an appealing strategy for osteoclast-related disorders. In the present study, we determined the effect of tomatidine, a steroidal alkaloid derived from Solanaceae, on the formation and function of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) ligand-induced osteoclasts and the underlying mechanism. Tomatidine inhibited osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner and decreased the expression of osteoclast marker genes. Actin ring formation and osteoclastic bone resorption were attenuated in the presence of tomatidine in vitro. Eight weeks after ovariectomy, tomatidine prevented estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss and restored the mechanical properties of the femur. At the molecular level, tomatidine abrogated phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38, NF-κB, and protein kinase B (Akt) pathway proteins by suppressing RANK expression, inhibiting the binding of TRAF6 to RANK, and downregulating the osteoclastogenesis marker-related protein expression. In summary, these data demonstrated that tomatidine attenuated osteoclast formation and function by modulating multiple TRAF6-mediated pathways. Therefore, tomatidine could be a novel candidate for the treatment of osteoclast-related disorders, including osteoporosis.-Hu, B., Sun, X., Yang, Y., Ying, Z., Meng, J., Zhou, C., Jiang, G., Li, S., Wu, F., Zhao, X., Zhu, H., Wu, H., Cai, X., Shi, Z., Yan, S. Tomatidine suppresses osteoclastogenesis and mitigates estrogen deficiency-induced bone mass loss by modulating TRAF6-mediated signaling.

Risk factors for anterior shoulder instability: a matched case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Anatomic skeletal features of the shoulder play important roles in anterior shoulder dislocation. However, studies on the effect of the humeral structure are few. This case-control study aimed to analyze the risk factors of anterior shoulder instability, including glenoid and humeral factors. METHODS: Anterior shoulder instability was found in 64 of 10,035 individuals who underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Propensity score matching was used to select controls matched for age, sex, height, and weight. We analyzed the glenoid and humeral structural data using conditional logistic regression analysis and identified cutoff points using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the control and dislocation groups in the depth-to-width ratio (0.119 ± 0.034 vs. 0.105 ± 0.037, P = .021), height-to-width ratio (1.51 ± 0.13 vs. 1.67 ± 0.16, P < .001), humeral head diameter-to-glenoid fossa diameter ratio (1.56 ± 0.11 vs. 1.64 ± 0.20, P < .001), and humeral containing angle (67.3° ± 5.9° vs. 60.4° ± 5.9°, P < .001). The humeral containing angle (odds ratio, 0.95; P = .024) and the glenoid height-to-width ratio (odds ratio, 7.88; P = .002), adjusted for the depth-to-width ratio and diameter ratio, were associated with anterior shoulder instability. The cutoff point for the humeral containing angle was 64° and for the height-to-width ratio was 1.60. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed significant risk factors for shoulder instability in the Chinese Han population. The humeral containing angle and the glenoid height-to-width ratio were risk factors for anterior shoulder instability.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation via modulating ERK-c-Fos-NFATc1 signaling cascades.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), which is a noninvasive form of mechanical energy, has been utilized as a clinical therapy for bone fracture healing. However, the mechanism how LIPUS affects osteoclast formation and osteoclast activity, has not been fully detailed. Here we found that LIPUS inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro, characterized by decreased number and area of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells. Moreover, the expression levels of osteoclast-specific gene were also suppressed by LIPUS treatment. Interestingly, F-actin staining and resorption pit assay showed that LIPUS did not affect the bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts. Mechanistically, LIPUS achieved these inhibitory effects by disrupting the phosphorylation of ERK and subsequent activation of the osteoclastic transcription factors, c-Fos and NFATc1. Collectively, our results demonstrated that LIPUS effectively suppresses osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast-specific gene expression through the inhibition of ERK-c-Fos-NFATC1 cascades.

Stevioside Prevents Wear Particle-Induced Osteolysis by Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis and Inflammatory Response via the Suppression of TAK1 Activation.

Aseptic loosening and periprosthetic osteolysis are the leading causes of total joint arthroplasty failure, which occurs as a result of chronic inflammatory response and enhanced osteoclast activity. Here we showed that stevioside, a natural compound isolated from Stevia rebaudiana, exhibited preventative effects on titanium particle-induced osteolysis in a mouse calvarial model. Further histological assessment and real-time PCR analysis indicated that stevioside prevented titanium particle-induced osteolysis by inhibiting osteoclast formation and inflammatory cytokine expression in vivo. In vitro, we found that stevioside could suppress RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and titanium particle-induced inflammatory response in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, stevioside achieved these effects by disrupting the phosphorylation of TAK1 and subsequent activation of NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathways. Collectively, our data suggest that stevioside effectively suppresses osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo, and it might be a potential therapy for particle-induced osteolysis and other osteolytic diseases.

Association between SMAD3 gene polymorphisms and osteoarthritis risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have been performed to investigate the association between SMAD3 gene polymorphism and osteoarthritis (OA), but the results were inconclusive. This study aims to determine whether SMAD3 polymorphism is associated with risk of OA. METHOD: A comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Embase, and ISI Web of Science for relevant studies was performed. After extracting data from eligible studies, we chose the fixed or random effect model according to the heterogeneity test. Estimation of publication bias and sensitivity analysis were conducted to confirm the stability of this meta-analysis. RESULTS: In total, 10 studies from 6 articles with 5093 OA patients and 5699 controls were enrolled in this meta-analysis. The combined results revealed significant association between SMAD3 rs12901499 polymorphism and the risk of OA (allele model: OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.07-1.38). Subgroup analysis revealed that G allele increased the risk of OA in Caucasians, but not in Asians (allele model: Caucasians: OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.18-1.44; Asians: OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.95-1.61). And the pooled results revealed significant association between SMAD3 rs12901499 polymorphism and both knee and hip OA (knee OA: OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04-1.34; hip OA: OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.18-1.44). CONCLUSION: The current meta-analysis revealed that the G variant of SMAD3 rs12901499 polymorphism increased the risk of OA in Caucasians. Further well-designed studies with larger sample size in different ethnic populations are required to confirm these results.