Optimization of the Simple One-Step Stool Processing Method to Diagnose Tuberculosis: Evaluation of Robustness and Stool Transport Conditions for Global Implementation.

Stool is recommended as an alternative specimen for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in young children, as they cannot easily produce sputum. The Simple One-Step (SOS) stool processing method is a new and simple stool processing method for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) using Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert-Ultra). We determined the robustness of the SOS stool processing method and stool specimen transport conditions in participants with confirmed TB. We processed stool using the standard protocol after simulated "transport," varying time, and temperature, and experimented with slightly modified processing steps. We included 2,963 Xpert-Ultra test results from 132 stool specimens of 47 TB participants, including 11 children aged <10 years. We compared Xpert-Ultra processing errors and MTB positivity rates between standard and modified procedures. Minor deviations from the standard SOS protocol did not significantly impact the Xpert-Ultra test outcomes. The rate of Xpert-Ultra processing errors significantly increased with noncold-chain transport, exposure of stool to sample reagent at room temperature or beyond 12 h, and adding >0.8 g of stool. We found that almost all steps in the current SOS stool processing method provide optimal Xpert-Ultra results but recommend an adjustment to use a wider range of stool amounts (0.3 to 0.8 g) than advised previously (0.8 g). With this adaptation, stool-based diagnosis of TB using the SOS stool processing method can be scaled-up. IMPORTANCE The manuscript will support the global implementation and scale-up of the SOS stool method in routine settings. It also provides important insights on the optimal stool transport conditions and robustness of the SOS method, which can be used for bacteriological diagnosis of TB in children at the lowest levels of the healthcare system, avoiding lengthy healthcare-seeking pathways and additional costs.

The Simple One-step stool processing method for detection of Pulmonary tuberculosis: A study protocol to assess the robustness, stool storage conditions and sampling strategy for global implementation and scale-up.

BACKGROUND: The Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert-Ultra) assay provides timely results with good sensitivity and acceptable specificity with stool specimens in children for bacteriological confirmation of tuberculosis (TB). This study aims to optimize the Simple One-Step (SOS) stool processing method for testing stool specimens using the Xpert-Ultra in children and adults in selected health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study is designed to assess the robustness of the SOS stool method, to help fine-tune the practical aspects of performing the test and to provide insights in stool storage conditions and sampling strategies before the method can be implemented and scaled in routine settings in Ethiopia as well as globally. METHODS AND DESIGN: The project "painless optimized diagnosis of TB in Ethiopian children" (PODTEC) will be a cross sectional study where three key experiments will be carried out focusing on 1) sampling strategy to investigate if the Xpert-Ultra M. tuberculosis (MTB) -positivity rate depends on stool consistency, and if sensitivity can be increased by taking more than one stool specimen from the same participant, or doing multiple tests from the same stool specimen, 2) storage conditions to determine how long and at what temperature stool can be stored without losing sensitivity, and 3) optimization of sensitivity and robustness of the SOS stool processing method by varying stool processing steps, stool volume, and storage time and conditions of the stool-sample reagent mixture. Stool specimens will be collected from participants (children and adults) who are either sputum or naso-gastric aspiration (NGA) and/or stool Xpert-Ultra MTB positive depending on the experiment. Stool specimens from these participants, recruited from 22 sites for an ongoing related study, will be utilized for the PODTEC experiments. The sample size is estimated to be 50 participants. We will use EpiData for data entry and Stata for data analysis purposes. The main analyses will include computing the loss or gain in the Xpert-Ultra MTB positivity rate and rates of non-determinate Xpert-Ultra test results per experiment compared to the Xpert-Ultra MTB result of stool processed according to the published standard operating procedures for SOS stool processing. The differences in the MTB positivity rate by regarding testing more than one sample per child, and using different storage, and processing conditions, will be also compared to the baseline (on-site) Xpert-Ultra result.

Asymptomatic malaria and nurturing factors in lowlands of Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study.

Although asymptomatic malaria cases are reservoirs of malaria parasites, there is limited evidence on the burden and nurturing factors in malaria endemic areas during dry season. Thus, this study aims to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection and nurturing factors in endemic areas of Ethiopia during dry season.A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in malaria endemic areas in Ethiopia. Six villages with a total of 1,366 households from three malaria endemic regions of Ethiopia were selected by stratified random sampling method. One asymptomatic member of the household was randomly selected from each household. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic and other factors. Finger prick blood samples for malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and blood film were collected and examined. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the nurturing factors with asymptomatic malaria infection. The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection was 7.7% with both blood film microscopic examination and malaria RDT. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominantly observed type of malaria species (48.0%). The presence of bodies of water around the households (adjusted odds ratio (AOR = 5.4; 95% CI (2.7 ─ 9.7); p < 0.000), infrequent indoor residual spray (IRS) applied four to six months ago (AOR = 3.5; 95% CI (1.0─11.6); p = 0.045) and more than six months (AOR = 5.2; 95% CI (1.3─20.5); p = 0.019) and personal protection measure for malaria prevention (LLIN, repellent and clothing) (AOR = 0.41; 95% CI (0.2 ─ 0.9); p = 0.028) were associated significantly with asymptomatic malaria infection. The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection during dry season was considerable. Strong interventions that target stagnant bodies of water, infrequent household IRS spray and personal protection measure for malaria prevention is required to decrease asymptomatic malaria infection during dry season.

The Simple One-Step (SOS) Stool Processing Method for Use with the Xpert MTB/RIF Assay for a Child-Friendly Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Closer to the Point of Care.

Young children cannot easily produce sputum for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Alternatively, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacilli can be detected in stool by using the Xpert MTB/RIF (Ultra) assay (Xpert). Published stool processing methods contain somewhat complex procedures and require additional supplies. The aim of this study was to develop a simple one-step (SOS) stool processing method based on gravity sedimentation only, similar to Xpert testing of sputum samples, for the detection of M. tuberculosis in stool samples. We first assessed whether the SOS stool method could provide valid Xpert results without the need for bead-beating, dilution, and filtration steps. We concluded that this was the case, and we then validated the SOS stool method by testing spiked stool samples. By using the SOS stool method, 27 of the 29 spiked samples gave valid Xpert results, and M. tuberculosis was recovered from all 27 samples. The proof of principle of the SOS stool method was demonstrated in routine settings in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Nine of 123 children with presumptive TB had M. tuberculosis-positive results for nasogastric aspiration (NGA) samples, and 7 (77.8%) of those children also had M. tuberculosis-positive Xpert results for stool samples. Additionally, M. tuberculosis was detected in the stool samples but not the NGA samples from 2 children. The SOS stool processing method makes use of the standard Xpert assay kit, without the need for additional supplies or equipment. The method can potentially be rolled out to any Xpert site, bringing a bacteriologically confirmed diagnosis of TB in children closer to the point of care.