Correction to: Efects of AGEs, sRAGE and HMGB1 on Clinical Outcomes in Multiple Myeloma.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s12288-022-01574-6.].

Effects of AGEs, sRAGE and HMGB1 on Clinical Outcomes in Multiple Myeloma.

Purpose: The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) upregulated during the onset and progression of cancer and bone-related pathologies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of serum advanced glycation end products (AGEs), soluble RAGE (sRAGE) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), in multiple myeloma (MM). Methods: AGEs, sRAGE and HMGB1 concentrations of 54 newly diagnosed MM patients and 30 healthy volunteers were measured by ELISA. The estimations were done only once at diagnosis. The medical records of the patients were evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference between the AGEs and sRAGE levels between the patient and control groups (p = 0.273, p = 0.313). In ROC analysis, a HMGB1 cutoff value of > 9170 pg/ml accurately discriminated MM patients (AUC = 0.672, 95% CI 0.561-0.77, p = 0.0034). AGEs level was found to be significantly higher in early-stage disease and HMGB1 in advanced disease (p = 0.022, p = 0.026). High HMGB1 levels were detected in patients whose with better first-line treatment response (p = 0.019). At 36 months, 54% of patients with low AGE were alive, compared to 79% of patients with high AGE (p = 0.055). Patients with high HMGB1 levels tended to have a longer PFS (median 43 mo [95% CI; 20.68-65.31] ) compared to patients with low HMGB1 levels (median 25 mo [95% CI; 12.39-37.6], p = 0.054). Conclusion: In this study, a significant elevation of serum HMGB1 level was found in MM patients. In addition, the positive effects of RAGE ligands on treatment response and prognosis were determined.

Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression Level and Prognostic Significance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the expression level of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and its effects on prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. Methods: The flow cytometry was used to detect PD-L1 expression on leukemic cells of 86 de novo acute myeloid leukemia patients with longitudinal follow-up. Results: Median follow-up was 13 (0-73) months. The mean of expression level was 3.22 ± 0.47 at diagnosis and ranged from 0 to 28%. PD-L1 expression tended to be lower in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (2.47 ± 1.08, p = 0.09) but there was no significant difference between neither diagnostic nor cytogenetic subgroups. There was no difference in PD-L1 levels between the patients who achieved complete remission (3.4 ± 0.61) and those who did not (2.91 ± 0.72, p = 0.94). The patients with low PD-L1 at diagnosis (median 25 mo [95% CI; 0-56.7]) had a longer overall survival compared with high PD-L1 (median 13 mo [95% CI; 5.52-25.17], p = 0.079). PD-L1 expression was lower at relapse (2.04 ± 0.79) compared to initial diagnosis (4.52 ± 0.93, p = 0.049). The patients who had overall survival longer than 1 year showed lower PD-L1 expression at relapse (0.66 ± 0.93) compared with who had not (5.06 ± 4.28, p = 0.052). A negative correlation between CD33 and PD-L1 (r = - 0.303, p = 0.005) was detected. Conclusion: Despite its low expression levels, PD-L1 appears to be a clinically important prognostic factor. The negative correlation determined between PD-L1 and CD33 supports the combination approach of PD-L1 inhibitors and CD33 targeted immunotherapies. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12288-021-01473-2.