Associations of educational and marketing messages with beliefs about nicotine and reduced nicotine cigarettes.

INTRODUCTION: Widespread misperceptions about nicotine may have unintended effects on public health. We examined associations between existing messages about nicotine or tobacco and beliefs about nicotine and reduced nicotine cigarettes (RNC). METHODS: 2962 U.S. 18-45-year-olds were randomized in a May 2022 web-based survey to view one of 26 text-based messages about tobacco or nicotine from three sources: ongoing research (n = 8), messages authorized by FDA for VLN cigarettes (n = 6), and FDA's "From Plant to Product to Puff" campaign (n = 12); six messages from FDA's campaign did not reference nicotine and were treated as the reference source. Analyses examined associations between messages, grouped by source and individually, with beliefs about nicotine and RNC addictiveness and harms. RESULTS: Relative to FDA messages that did not reference nicotine, all message sources were associated with greater odds of a correct belief about nicotine (Odds Ratios [ORs] = 1.40-1.87, p's < 0.01); VLN messages were associated with greater correct beliefs about RNC addictiveness (b = 0.23, p < .05). No campaign produced greater correct beliefs about RNC harms. At the individual level, only five messages were associated with a correct belief about nicotine (ORs = 2.12-2.56, p-values < .01), and one with correct beliefs about RNC harms (b = 1.09, p < .05), vs. the reference message. CONCLUSIONS: Few existing messages improved understanding of the risks of nicotine separately from the risks of combustible products. Communication research is needed to promote greater public understanding of nicotine while minimizing unintended effects on nicotine and tobacco use.

Perceived relative harm and addictiveness compared with cigarettes and intentions to use modified risk tobacco products utilizing FDA-authorized marketing claims among adults in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: We assessed adults' perceived relative harm and addictiveness of products using FDA-authorized modified risk tobacco products (MRTP) claims and associations with intentions to use MRTPs. METHODS: Data were from the May 2022 Rutgers Omnibus study among US 18-45-year-old adults (n=2964), collected by the Rutgers Institute for Nicotine and Tobacco Studies (INTS). Outcomes were perceived relative harm and addictiveness versus a typical cigarette and intentions to use a product stating a reduced harm claim (General Snus) or a reduced exposure claim (VLN King). We conducted regression analyses of associations between perceived relative harm and addictiveness and intentions to use each product, stratified by smoking status. RESULTS: The minority of participants perceived products with a reduced harm claim as much less harmful vs. cigarettes (21 %, 19 %, 7 %, and 8 % among persons who smoked daily, smoked some days, formerly smoked, and never smoked respectively) and products with a reduced exposure claim as much less addictive vs. cigarettes (24 %, 26 %, 14 %, 20 % respectively). Perceived lower relative harm and addictiveness were significantly associated with higher intentions to use products stating reduced harm or reduced exposure claim across all smoking statuses with one exception (relative addictiveness was not associated with intention to use products stating the reduced harm claim among persons who formerly smoked). CONCLUSIONS: Two current FDA-authorized MRTP claims were not effective in conveying that MRTPs were less harmful or addictive than cigarettes to most participants. Perceiving products as less harmful or addictive were significantly associated with intentions to use MRTPs.

Acute effects of charcoal filters and package color on cigarette perceptions and use behaviors: Results from a randomized pilot study examining Natural American Spirit "Sky".

INTRODUCTION: Charcoal-filtered cigarettes have been available for decades but have never held a major share of the U.S. cigarette market. This pilot study gathered initial behavioral data characterizing how "Sky"-a recently introduced charcoal-filtered cigarette variety that uses potentially misleading marketing features-is used and what impact its packaging color has on consumer perceptions. METHODS: Forty adult daily non-menthol cigarettes users (52.5% male, 75.0% White, mean age = 46.1, 14.3 mean cigarettes/day) completed a single-session deception study utilizing a 2 ×2 mixed factorial design to manipulate cigarette filter condition (charcoal vs. non-charcoal) and pack color (light vs. dark). Participants smoked two cigarettes identical in appearance and packaging but differing in filter type (blinded and order counterbalanced) and completed pre- and post-cigarette CO samples and post-cigarette questionnaires. RESULTS: Participants endorsed more favorable subjective ratings, puffed less of, held more correct beliefs about risks, and expressed greater intentions to use the charcoal (vs. non-charcoal)-filtered cigarette (p's <0.05). Pack color had few effects on outcomes; however, cigarettes in light vs. dark colored packs were rated as cleaner tasting (p <0.01). Neither filter condition nor pack color affected CO boost. There were no interaction effects on any outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Under blinded conditions, Sky charcoal-filtered cigarettes are initially appealing independent of their packaging color. Findings warrant further study of these effects on perceptions, behavior, and harm exposure after longer, open-label use periods. Findings may inform regulatory decisions regarding cigarette packaging and filter composition.

Organic, Earth-Friendly Tobacco With a Charcoal Filter and Smooth Taste: A Randomized Experiment Testing Effects of Natural American Spirit's "Sky" Cigarette Advertising on Consumer Perceptions.

INTRODUCTION: The Natural American Spirit (NAS) brand has a history of marketing tactics that may convey reduced harm. While no longer allowed to use "additive-free" or natural descriptors (except in the brand name), it continues promoting potentially misleading attributes. This study examined perceptions of NAS's newer "Sky" style, promoted as organic tobacco with a charcoal filter. AIMS AND METHODS: In an online experiment, we randomized 1927 adult past 30-day tobacco or nicotine product users to one of six conditions showing Sky ads with different descriptors: (1) charcoal filter, (2) charcoal + organic, (3) charcoal + earth-friendly, (4) charcoal + smooth taste, (5) charcoal + all other descriptors, and (6) no-descriptor control (Sky ads without target descriptors). Product perceptions were compared by condition. Participants also reported perceived benefits of charcoal filters. RESULTS: Overall, 28% of participants indicated Sky is less harmful and 38% believed it exposes users to fewer chemicals. Participants in the "charcoal + organic," "charcoal + earth-friendly," and the all-descriptor conditions had higher odds of believing Sky reduces chemical exposure (respectively, 43%, 40%, and 42%), relative to the no-descriptor control. Fewer control participants endorsed beliefs that Sky has a "better filter" and is "more environmentally friendly". Many believed cigarettes with charcoal filters could confer benefits relative to other cigarettes, such as reducing chemical exposure, or being cleaner, purer or safer (though research on relative safety of charcoal filters in cigarettes is inconclusive). CONCLUSIONS: Sky marketing may promote misperceptions about product safety and composition, and ads using both charcoal and organic text may particularly reinforce them. IMPLICATIONS: This study examined the impact of new cigarette advertising promoting the use of charcoal filters and organic tobacco along with other suggestive claims ("environmentally friendly," "smooth taste") on tobacco users' perceptions of the advertised product-NAS Sky cigarettes. Our study provides new data about positive consumer perceptions of charcoal-filtered cigarettes, and results suggest that combinations of these marketing terms evoke perceptions about reduced harm and reduced exposure to harmful chemicals that may be misleading to the public. Our findings underscore a need for additional regulatory action regarding tobacco marketing that makes use of natural-themed marketing.

Effect of nicotine expectancy and nicotine dose reduction on cigarette demand, withdrawal alleviation, and puff topography.

BACKGROUND: Current FDA plans include proposed nicotine reduction mandates by the end of 2023. Most research on reduced nicotine cigarettes has been dose-blinded, while a mandate would be known to the public. Few laboratory studies have examined specifically how low nicotine content labeling impacts behavioral response. The purpose of this within-subject, balanced-placebo, human laboratory study was to evaluate the main and interactive effects of nicotine dose expectancy and dose reduction on cigarette reinforcement, withdrawal alleviation, and puff topography. METHODS: Participants who smoke daily (N=21; 9 female) completed one practice and four experimental sessions in which expectancy (labeled "average" versus "very low" nicotine) and nicotine dose (0.80mg versus 0.03mg yield) were manipulated. Participants in acute withdrawal sampled experimental cigarettes followed by withdrawal alleviation and puff topography measures. Cigarette demand was measured using an incentivized purchase task. Analyses evaluated main and interactive effects of expectancy and nicotine dose. RESULTS: Nicotine dose manipulation produced expected physiological effects (e.g., heart rate increases) and both reduced nicotine dose and expectation manipulations reduced perceived nicotine content. Expectation of reduced nicotine alone or in combination with reduced nicotine dose did not alter demand, withdrawal alleviation, or topography. Effective withdrawal alleviation was observed in all conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These data inform nicotine regulation policy by suggesting limited compensatory harms caused by reduced nicotine expectations. The minimal acute effects of reduced nicotine expectancy or exposure on demand suggests that reduced nicotine standards are likely to generate their greatest public health benefit through the slowing of newly initiating cigarette smoking.

Effect of nicotine corrective messaging on nicotine-related beliefs in US adults: a randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Widespread misperceptions of the health risks of nicotine could undermine the public health benefits of the Food and Drug Administration's actions, including modified risk tobacco product authorisations and a reduced nicotine product standard for cigarettes. METHODS: 794 US adults (aged 18+) in NORC's AmeriSpeak panel participated in a randomised controlled trial in Spring 2021 to test the effect of three exposures to eight nicotine corrective messages (NCM) on beliefs about nicotine, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), e-cigarettes and reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes at 3-month follow-up. Analyses conducted in 2022 examined the effect of study condition (NCM (n=393) vs no message control (n=401)) on nicotine beliefs, use intentions and use of nicotine and tobacco products. RESULTS: Exposure to three NCM doses reduced nicotine (b=-0.33; 95% CI -0.60, -0.07), NRT (b=-0.49; 95% CI -0.85, -0.14), e-cigarette (b=-0.32; 95% CI -0.59, -0.05) and RNC cigarette false beliefs (b=-0.64; 95% CI -1.26, -0.02) compared with the control, controlling for baseline beliefs. Baseline tobacco use and concern about nicotine addiction attenuated intervention effects on false beliefs about RNC cigarettes. There were few intervention effects on intention or use of nicotine and tobacco products. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated exposure to NCM was necessary to reduce false beliefs about nicotine and tobacco products. Future studies will improve understanding of the dose and duration of nicotine education needed to shift intentions and behaviour, as well as tailored content for tobacco product users to achieve similar reductions in false beliefs as non-users. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04805515.

Effects of cigarette package colors and warning labels on marlboro smokers' risk beliefs, product appraisals, and smoking behavior: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: Plain packaging and graphic warning labels are two regulatory strategies that may impact cigarette risk beliefs and reduce consumption, but data are needed to better understand how smokers respond to such regulations. METHODS: Adult, daily, Marlboro non-menthol smokers (Red [n = 141] or Gold [n = 43]) completed a mixed factorial randomized trial. Participants smoked their usual cigarettes during baseline (5-days) and were randomized to receive cigarette packs with a warning label manipulation (graphic vs. text-only). Within each warning label condition, participants completed three within-subjects pack color manipulations (red, gold, plain), each lasting 15 days. Participants were blinded to the fact that all packs contained their usual cigarettes. Mixed-effects models examined between- and within-subject differences on risk beliefs, product perceptions, and smoking behavior. RESULTS: Warning type and package color did not impact cigarette consumption or subjective ratings. However, use increased in all conditions (2.59-3.59 cigarettes per day) relative to baseline. While smokers largely held correct risk beliefs at baseline (Mean = 6.02, SE = 0.17, Range:0-8), the cumulative number of incorrect or uncertain cigarette risk beliefs increased from baseline in all pack color manipulations in the text (IRR range = 1.70-2.16) and graphic (IRR range = 1.31-1.70) warning conditions. Across all pack color periods, those in the graphic (vs. text) warning condition had reduced odds of reporting their study cigarettes as 'safer' than regular cigarettes (OR range = 0.22-0.32). CONCLUSIONS: Pack color modification may increase uncertainty about several key cigarette risk beliefs, though graphic warnings may attenuate these effects. Regulatory agencies could consider supporting policy changes with information campaigns to maximize public knowledge. TRIAL REGISTRATION: November 25, 2014; Registration number: NCT02301351.

Effects of pictorial warning labels depicting lesser-known and well-known risks of smoking on viewing patterns, recall, and knowledge of smoking harms.

BACKGROUND: In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration introduced 11 pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for inclusion on cigarette packages, created in compliance with court recommendations and tailored to increase knowledge of smoking harms. Several highlighted lesser-known risks of smoking. No behavioral studies have yet evaluated how risk content in PWLs impacts viewing patterns, recall, and knowledge of smoking harms. METHODS: Seventy adults who reported smoking cigarettes daily (62.9% male, 57.1% African American, mean age = 50.3, mean cigarettes per day = 14.4) completed a single-session laboratory study. They were randomized to view a set of four PWLs depicting either lesser-known or well-known risks of smoking while having eye movements recorded, then completed post-exposure recall and knowledge measures. RESULTS: Participants exposed to PWLs depicting lesser-known smoking risks viewed the text of the warning sooner and for longer than the image (p's <0.05); those exposed to PWLs depicting well-known risks viewed the image longer than text (p <0.001). PWL condition did not affect recall of text or image (p's >0.1). Those viewing lesser-known (vs. well-known) risks had greater knowledge of smoking causing lesser-known risks of bladder cancer, blindness, bloody urine, cataracts, diabetes, and head and neck cancer (p's <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals viewing PWLs depicting lesser-known (vs. well-known) smoking risks visually engaged with the PWL text more than image, had similarly high recall of PWL content, and had greater knowledge of lesser-known risks of smoking. Findings suggest including lesser-known risk information on PWLs improves overall knowledge of smoking health risks.

Effects of reduced nicotine content cigarette advertising with warning labels and social media features on product perceptions among young adults.

This study sought to understand reactions to very low nicotine (VLN) cigarette advertising compared with conventional cigarette advertising with consideration of warning labels and social media context. The online experimental study recruited young adult cigarette smokers and nonsmokers (N = 1,608). Participants completed a discrete choice task with a 2 × 2 × 3 mixed design: brand, (VLN, Marlboro), context (Ad only, Ad on social media), and warning (Text-only, Well-known risk pictorial, or Lesser-known risk pictorial). Participants made choices about attention, appeal, harm, buying, and quitting intentions. Social media context increased attention and appeal. A well-known risk pictorial warning outperformed a text-only warning. Smokers had increased odds of quit intentions for VLN ads, yet nonsmokers had increased intentions to buy cigarettes on social media with a text-only warning. Results indicate differences in how young adults react to cigarette ads on social media, especially with the warnings they portray.

Effects of Modified Tobacco Risk Products with Claims and Nicotine Features on Perceptions among Racial and Ethnic Groups.

Research suggests consumers may misunderstand modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) claims. We examined the effects of nicotine content across four tobacco products with and without MRTP claims among a racially and ethnically diverse sample of adults who do and do not smoke. Adults (n = 1484) aged 21-65 completed an online experiment using a 2 × 2 × 4 mixed factorial design to examine the effects of tobacco product (Classic White Snus, IQOS, JUUL e-cigarette, and VLN cigarette) and nicotine content (high vs. low) stratified by MRTP claim (present vs. absent) across four outcomes: (1) likely to try (2) serious disease if used regularly, (3) least addictive, and (4) ease of quitting smoking. Not including an MRTP claim resulted in an increased likelihood of trying a product, decreased concern of serious disease, lower perceived addictiveness, and increased ease of quitting smoking. Participants selected low nicotine IQOS without a claim as the least likely to cause serious disease. Low nicotine JUUL, without a claim, was selected as least addictive and most likely to facilitate quitting. Intentions to try were highest for low nicotine JUUL. Participants selected low-nicotine products as less addictive than high nicotine products. Regulatory efforts should consider how MRTP claims interact with different product characteristics. Subtle differences exist across outcomes between racial and ethnic groups, which indicates that further research is warranted.

Differences in biobehavioral measures of cigarette smoking by depression symptomology.

INTRODUCTION: Research that explores the clinical relevance of subclinical depressive symptoms and smoking is primarily focused on smoking cessation. We examine whether depression symptoms vary across an array of biological (carbon monoxide boost), behavioral (FagerströmTest of Nicotine Dependence, cigarettes per day, smoking topography), and psychological smoking-related outcomes (Questionnaire on Smoking Urges, Withdrawal Symptoms Checklist) in non-treatment-seeking smokers. METHODS: Baseline data were pooled from three research trials with identical procedures designed to assess individual smoking behavior using smokers preferred cigarette brands. Depression symptom level (asymptomatic, subsyndromal, syndromal) was defined using established Center for Epidemiological Depression Scale (CES-D) cutpoint criteria. Smokers were instructed to smoke as usual for one-week. At the beginning and end of the baseline period, nicotine dependence, smoking topography, CO boost, desire to smoke, anticipation of positive reinforcement, negative affect, and withdrawal were measured. RESULTS: Ordinary least squares linear regression models were used to test the association between depression symptom level and outcome measures adjusting for sex and education (N = 355). The results revealed no differences in topography measures, cigarettes per day and FTND. Smoking withdrawal and smoking urges were higher among both individuals with subsyndromal symptoms and syndromal depression symptoms compared to those who were asymptomatic. Individuals with subsyndromal depressive symptoms experienced higher smoke exposure and higher relief from negative affect. CONCLUSION: Increased smoke exposure, greater withdrawal symptoms and urges to smoke, and anticipation of negative affect relief among smokers with subsyndromal depression symptoms suggest that depression symptoms need not reach syndromal levels to alter smoking-related outcomes.

Assessing Attention to Tobacco Warnings With a Heatmapping Task.

INTRODUCTION: Attention is a critical outcome to understanding the impacts of tobacco warning labels and is commonly measured using eye tracking. Self-report, online methods may be efficient, scalable alternatives to capture attention. This study assesses warning label attention on cigarette marketing using a heatmapping task. METHODS: Young adults (n=1,608) aged 18-30 years and registered on Mechanical Turk with a WorkerID verified in the U.S. were included. Data were collected in 2021-2022 and analyzed in 2022. Tobacco advertisement exposure included a 2 × 3 between-subjects factorial design for varying contexts and warnings. Attention was operationalized with self-reported frequency and timing of warning selection. Outcomes include credibility, willingness to use the advertised cigarettes, and intentions to use cigarettes and low-nicotine cigarettes. RESULTS: Early and more frequent attention to the warning was associated with higher credibility (frequent: ß=0.28, 95% CI=0.11, 0.44; early: ß=0.14, 95% CI=0.02, 0.25), lower willingness to use the advertised cigarettes (frequent: ß= -1.78, 95% CI= -2.24, -1.32; early: ß= -1.16, 95% CI= -1.49, -0.84), lower cigarette use intentions in the next week (frequent: ß= -0.44, 95% CI= -0.64, -0.25; early: ß= -0.21, 95% CI= -0.35, -0.08), and lower low-nicotine cigarette use intentions in the next week (frequent: ß= -0.47, 95% CI= -0.66, -0.28; early: ß= -0.25, 95% CI= -0.38, -0.12) than no attention at all. CONCLUSIONS: Greater attention as measured by a heatmapping task was observed for pictorial warnings and associated with lower intentions to use tobacco. Heatmapping selection patterns were a suitable proxy for attention in this online sample.

Examining Visual Attention to Tobacco Marketing Materials Among Young Adult Smokers: Protocol for a Remote Webcam-Based Eye-Tracking Experiment.

BACKGROUND: Eye tracking provides an objective way to measure attention, which can advance researchers' and policy makers' understanding of tobacco marketing influences. The development of remote webcam-based eye-tracking technology, integrated with web-based crowdsourcing studies, may be a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative to laboratory-based eye-tracking methods. However, research is needed to evaluate the utility of remote eye-tracking methods. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to detail the process of designing a remote webcam-based eye-tracking experiment and provide data on associations between participant characteristics and the outcomes of experiment completion. METHODS: A total of 2023 young adult (aged 18-34 years) cigarette smokers in the United States were recruited to complete a web-based survey that included a 90-second remote eye-tracking experiment that examined attention to e-cigarette marketing materials. Primary outcome measures assessed the completion of the remote eye-tracking experiment-specifically, experiment initiated versus not initiated, experiment completed versus not completed, and usable versus nonusable eye-tracking data generated. Multivariable logistic regressions examined the associations between outcome measures and participants' sociodemographic backgrounds, tobacco use history, and electronic devices (mobile vs desktop) used during the experiment. RESULTS: Study recruitment began on April 14, 2022, and ended on May 3, 2022. Of the 2023 survey participants, 1887 (93.28%) initiated the experiment, and 777 (38.41%) completed the experiment. Of the 777 participants who completed the experiment, 381 (49%) generated usable data. Results from the full regression models show that non-Hispanic Black participants (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.64, 95% CI 0.45-0.91) were less likely to complete the eye-tracking experiment than non-Hispanic White participants. In addition, female (vs male) participants (AOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.01-2.11), those currently using (vs not using) e-cigarettes (AOR 2.08, 95% CI 1.13-3.82), and those who used mobile (vs desktop) devices (AOR 5.10, 95% CI 3.05-8.52) were more likely to generate usable eye-tracking data. CONCLUSIONS: Young adult participants were willing to try remote eye-tracking technology, and nearly half of those who completed the experiment generated usable eye-tracking data (381/777, 49%). Thus, we believe that the use of remote eye-tracking tools, integrated with crowdsourcing recruitment, can be a useful approach for the tobacco regulatory science research community to collect high-quality, large-scale eye-tracking data in a timely fashion and thereby address research questions related to the ever-evolving tobacco marketing landscape. It would be useful to investigate techniques to enhance completion rates and data usability. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR1-10.2196/43512.

Effects of IQOS health warnings and modified risk claims among young adult cigarette smokers and non-smokers.

INTRODUCTION: Heated tobacco products, including Marlboro IQOS, are available globally. In the USA, IQOS was authorised to be advertised with claims about reduced toxicant exposure relative to cigarettes. The effects of such modified risk claims and health warnings have not been studied among young adult cigarette smokers and non-smokers. METHODS: In 2020, US young adult (18-30 years, n=1328) cigarette smokers and non-smokers viewed an IQOS ad in a 4 (modified risk claim variations or none) by 3 (warning variations or none) between-subjects experiment. Outcome measures assessed perceived credibility and effectiveness of the health or risk message for discouraging IQOS use, perceived harms, efficacy beliefs, and IQOS use intentions. RESULTS: Smokers reported significantly higher (p<0.05) perceived credibility, lower perceived effectiveness, higher efficacy beliefs about switching to IQOS and higher intentions to use IQOS than non-smokers. Among smokers, health warnings increased perceived credibility (p<0.001) and effectiveness (p<0.05), but claims did not affect outcomes examined. Among non-smokers, warnings and claims increased perceived credibility, and warnings increased perceived effectiveness (p<0.003). The reduced exposure claim increased non-smokers' intentions to use IQOS (b=0.40, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.73). CONCLUSIONS: Among young adult smokers, health warnings increased perceived effectiveness at discouraging IQOS use and perceived credibility. Among non-smokers, warnings and claims increased perceived credibility and warnings increased perceived effectiveness, but the Food and Drug Administration-authorised reduced exposure claim increased intentions to use IQOS. Research is warranted to understand how the content of modified risk claims and health warnings for IQOS affects IQOS use in this population.

Effects of advertising features on smokers' and non-smokers' perceptions of a reduced nicotine cigarette modified risk tobacco product.

INTRODUCTION: Research is needed to determine the impact of marketing on perceptions and use of reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes, particularly as US regulators have permitted the sale of an RNC cigarette modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) that seeks further authorisation to advertise using modified risk claims. This study examined the effects of two advertising elements (product name and disclaimer content) on perceptions of an RNC cigarette MRTP. METHODS: Adult participants (n=807, 28.7% smokers, 58.2% male, 74.2% non-Latinx white) completed an online MTurk survey. Participants were randomised to view one of six RNC cigarette advertisements, using a 2×3 between-subject factorial design to manipulate product name ('Moonlight' vs 'Moonrise') and disclaimer content (industry-proposed: 'Nicotine is addictive. Less nicotine does NOT mean a safer cigarette' vs focused: 'Less nicotine does NOT mean a safer cigarette' vs no content), then completed recall and product perception questionnaires. RESULTS: All participants who viewed the industry-proposed disclaimer (vs no content) perceived greater addiction risk (p's<0.05). Non-smokers who viewed this disclaimer also perceived greater health risks and held fewer false beliefs (p's<0.05). Smokers who viewed Moonlight (vs Moonrise) ads perceived lower health risks (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Disclaimer content may effectively inform consumers about addiction risk of a new RNC cigarette MRTP, and further inform non-smokers about health risks. This element, however, had little effect on perceived health risks among smokers, among whom the Moonlight product name was associated with health risk misperceptions similar to the banned 'light' descriptor.

Longitudinal associations between receiving E-cigarette price promotions and subsequent E-cigarette use among U.S. Young adult cigarette smokers.

INTRODUCTION: E-cigarette price promotions (EPPs; i.e., marketed reductions in cost) may influence young adult cigarette smokers to try, dual use with, or completely transition to e-cigarettes. We assessed whether receiving EPPs was associated with subsequent e-cigarette use among this group. METHODS: Data were from Waves 4 (2016-2018) and 5 (2018-2019) of the nationally representative Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study survey. Analysis was restricted to participants who were young adult (18-34 years) established, current cigarette smokers who did not use e-cigarettes at Wave 4 (baseline; n = 2,664; Sample 1), and a subsample of those who tried to quit smoking completely in the past year at Wave 5 (follow-up; n = 948; Sample 2). Multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine associations between receiving EPPs at baseline and past year use of e-cigarettes in general (Sample 1) and to help quit smoking (Sample 2) at follow-up, controlling for covariates. RESULTS: Overall, 4.1% and 4.9% of Sample 1 and 2 participants received EPPs, respectively; At follow-up, 33.4% of Sample 1 participants used e-cigarettes, and 12.0% of Sample 2 participants used e-cigarettes to quit smoking. Receiving EPPs was associated with subsequent past-year e-cigarette use in general (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.31 to 3.27), and past-year e-cigarette use to help with quitting smoking (AOR = 3.20; 95% CI = 1.48 to 6.90). DISCUSSION: EPPs may increase e-cigarette use among established, current smokers and may be used to quit smoking. Research is needed to understand how EPPs may be differentially associated with complete product transition versus dual/poly use among young adult smokers.

Longitudinal associations between U.S. youth exposure to E-cigarette marketing and E-cigarette use harm perception and behavior change.

E-cigarette marketing tactics to reach and appeal to youth are rapidly changing. This study examined to what extent youth e-cigarette marketing exposure was associated with e-cigarette use behavior change one year later, during a time when youth e-cigarette use was starting to surge in the U.S. Using nationally representative longitudinal public-use data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, we examined associations between recalled e-cigarette marketing exposure (2016-2018) at Wave (W) 4 and e-cigarette use harm perception and behavior change (ever, current, and regular use) one year later (W4.5; 2017-2018) among W4 never tobacco users (n = 9405). Recall of exposure to e-cigarette marketing through different channels was also examined in multivariable models controlling for socio-demographic factors and established e-cigarette use risk factors. Results show that the most frequently recalled channels of e-cigarette marketing exposure were retail stores (50.3%), television (22.2%), and websites/social media (20.2%). Over one year, 21.2%, 7.8%, 3.4%, and 1.2% of respondents reported reduced harm perceptions, and ever, current, and regular use of e-cigarettes, respectively, at follow-up. Recalled exposure to e-cigarette marketing was associated with reduced e-cigarette harm perception (AOR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.05-1.37) and ever (AOR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.01-1.56) and current use (AOR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.02-1.92) at follow-up. E-cigarette marketing exposure through websites/social media was associated with reduced harm perceptions and all stages of e-cigarette use change, including regular use. Identifying marketing techniques and channels that change youth e-cigarette harm perceptions and influence e-cigarette use progression is essential to inform e-cigarette regulatory policies and prevention campaigns.

Construct validity of the Cigarette Ratings Scale and associations with tobacco use and product feature outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Subjective ratings are inconsistently associated with behavioral outcomes such as tobacco use and there is no current standard. The Cigarette Ratings Scale is an ideal measure for further evaluation because it has been widely used in tobacco regulatory science and tobacco industry research. PURPOSE: This study investigated the construct validity of the Cigarette Ratings Scale and associations with tobacco use and product feature outcomes. METHODS: Using secondary analysis of baseline data from five research trials, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis in one sample and validated the factor solution in a second sample. We then examined the relationship of the averaged subscales with tobacco outcomes and cigarette product features among current adult cigarette smokers (N = 752) who smoked ≥ 5 cigarettes daily for ≥ 5 years. RESULTS: The results supported a three-factor solution: 1. Product harshness evaluation, 2. Smoking satisfaction, and 3. Positive sensory experience. Multivariable general linear models indicated that cigarettes per day was associated with a lower harshness rating b = -0.29 (95% CI: -0.51, -0.07) and higher positive sensory experience b = 0.32 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.56). FTND average dependence scores were associated with a more positive sensory experience b = 1.08 (95% CI: 0.28, 1.89). CO boost was associated with smoking satisfaction b = 0.77 (95% CI: 0.30, 1.26). CONCLUSIONS: The Cigarette Ratings Scale subscales were primarily associated with behavioral outcomes, biological exposure, and nicotine dependence. This can help addiction efforts to determine how subjective evaluations of tobacco products relate to use behaviors.

The "Organic" Descriptor and Its Association With Commercial Cigarette Health Risk Expectancies, Subjective Effects, and Smoking Topography: A Pilot Human Laboratory Study.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this mixed-method pilot study was to: (1) examine whether the "organic" descriptor affects smokers' health risk expectancies, subjective ratings of smoking, and topography, and (2) describe how smokers interpret the "organic" descriptor and relate it to their subjective smoking experience. METHODS: Twenty-two daily smokers (45.5% men, 81.8% non-Hispanic White, M (SD) age = 47.3 [12.7], M (SD) cigarettes/day = 14.5 [5.1]) completed a within-person laboratory study. Following a baseline session, smokers attended 2 experimental sessions where they smoked a study-provided cigarette (identical across conditions) paired with either an "organic" or conventional (e.g., no "organic") descriptor condition and completed subjective and behavioral measures. Participants completed a semi-structured interview at the last visit. RESULTS: Relative to the conventional cigarette, more participants rated the "organic" cigarette as healthier, having fewer chemicals, and having a more favorable burn rate (P's < 0.05). There were no differences in total puff volume by condition (P = 0.42). Stratifying by gender, men inhaled 225 ml (SE = 82.7) more in the conventional condition (P = 0.02); women inhaled 408 ml (SE = 233.3) more in the organic condition (P = 0.11). A common understanding of "organic" was that the product was "…less processed... like less chemicals and it's more natural." Some believed that "organic" cigarettes contained fewer chemicals, which in turn produced a "much cleaner and healthier smoking cigarette" and that they could "taste the difference." CONCLUSIONS: Findings support that smokers associate the "organic" descriptor with health and reduced harm. This descriptor may differentially impact puffing behavior by gender. IMPLICATIONS: This study provides qualitative and quantitative data regarding how the "organic" descriptor influences adult daily smokers' perceptions and use of cigarettes. After smoking two identical cigarettes described as "organic" and conventional (e.g., no "organic"), smokers expressed more problematic health expectancies about the "organic" cigarette condition, providing further empirical support that the "organic" descriptor is associated with expectancies of reduced harm. The source of reduced harm was understood to be fewer chemicals in the organic cigarette. Though preliminary, findings suggest that "organic" may differentially affect puffing behavior by gender.

Shedding 'light' on cigarette pack design: colour differences in product perceptions, use and exposure following the US descriptor ban.

INTRODUCTION: Many countries removed misleading descriptors (eg, 'light,' 'mild') from cigarette packaging because they falsely conveyed messages of reduced risk. It is unclear if relabelled products currently promote misperceptions or differences in product use and toxicant exposure. We compared product perceptions, use and exposure between a US sample of Marlboro Gold (formerly 'light') and Red smokers. METHODS: 240 non-treatment-seeking adult daily Marlboro smokers (70% male, 71% White, mean cigarettes/day=16.4 (SD=8.3)) completed two laboratory sessions over a 5-day period. During sessions, participants smoked two cigarettes through a topography device to capture their puffing behaviour, provided precigarette and postcigarette carbon monoxide (CO) assessments, and completed risk perception and subjective rating questionnaires. Self-reported cigarettes per day were verified via daily filter collection; urine collected at the end of the period was assayed for nicotine metabolites. RESULTS: Gold (n=49) smokers were more likely than Red (n=191) to incorrectly believe their cigarettes had less nicotine and tar than regular cigarettes (ps<0.001), and rated them as weaker, less harsh, and mild tasting (ps<0.05). Differences between Red and Gold smokers in cigarettes per day and puffing behaviours trended towards significance (ps<0.1). Notably, there were no group differences on CO boost or total nicotine equivalents (ps>0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Misperceptions about nicotine and tar exist years after rebranding Marlboro Lights as Marlboro Gold. Biological results support that Gold smokers do not have lower toxicant exposure. The US should consider comprehensive packaging or product design regulations to properly inform smokers of product risks.Trial registeration number NCT02301351.