Monkey kidney cell growth optimization and poliovirus propagation in microcarrier culture.

Three monkey kidney cells lines Vero, LLC-MK2 and CV-1 were grown in microcarrier cultures. The carrier support was DEAE-Sephadex gel beads at low anion exchange capacity prepared according to a protocol developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The growth rate of the cells and the final cell density in microcarrier culture was dependent on the concentration of the beads in culture and on the size of the initial cell inoculum. The efficiency of the microcarrier culture system was compared to that of stationary and roller bottle cultures. The microcarrier culture system was applied to the propagation of polioviruses in the three established monkey kidney cell lines and the yields were compared with those obtained in roller bottle and stationary cultures. The yield of the three types of polioviruses in the various cell lines and culture systems was similar. The use of the microcarrier culture system for anchorage-dependent cells together with the use of continuously propagating cell lines offer great advantage for large-scale cultivation of poliovirus for the preparation of killed poliovirus vaccines.

Cell growth optimization in microcarrier culture.

Three monkey kidney cell lines and primary chicken embryo cells were grown in microcarrier culture. The carrier support was DEAE-Sephandex gel beads at low anion exchange capacity prepared according to a protocol developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The growth rate of the cells and the final cell density in microcarrier culture was dependent on the concentration of the beads in culture and on the size of the initial cell inoculum. A bead concentration of 1.0 to 2.0 mg of beads/ml of tissue culture medium and a cell inoculum of 20,000 cells/cm2 of bead surface appeared to be optimal. The efficiency of the microcarrier culture system was compared to that of stationary and roller bottle cultures. Stationary flasks gave cell densities about twofold higher than maximal densities in roller bottles and about threefold and twofold higher than cell densities in microcarrier culture at a bead concentration of 2.5 and 1.0 mg/ml, respectively. In terms of cell yield per milliliter of tissue culture medium, the microcarrier culture was superior to roller bottle and stationary cultures. An advantage of the microcarrier culture system is its suitability for scale up into large volume production units.

[Stool culture. Evaluation of technics of salmonellosis diagnosis]. / La coproculture. Evaluation des techniques pour le diagnostic des salmonelloses.

With a view to standardizing diagnostic methods in our country, we have attempted to evaluate the techniques for isolating Salmonella, more particularly S. typhi, by stool culture. The various factors influencing the isolation rate of these organisms are studied, i.e.: the mode of sampling, the components of media for both isolation and enrichment, and subcultures. A scheme for isolation of Salmonella from stools is proposed.

[Some aspects of the evolution of cholera in Algeria from 1971 to 1975]. / Quelques aspects de l'évolution du choléra en Algérie de 1971 a 1975.

Taking as a basis information collected in their laboratory, the authors study certain aspects of the evolution of cholera in Algeria during the different outbreaks from 1971 to 1975. 6 301 strains of vibrio-cholerae (mainly serotype Ogawa) were isolated either from cholera patients or carriers. All but two of strains were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. Most of the Wilayate (districts) were affected during these outbreaks which took place from June to December; the majority of cases were observed from August to October but principally in September.

[Problems of variability of Mueller-Hinton medium for sensitivity testing. Some parameters and an attempt to standardize sensitivity of Salmonella typhi]. / Problèmes de variabilité du milieu de Mueller-Hinton pour antibiogrammes. Etude de quelques paramètres et essais de standardisation pour les antibiogrammes de Salmonella typhi.

The incidence of some so-called "Mueller-Hinton Medium" for sensitivity testing on the growth of bacteria (especially S. typhi) and on the drug activity are evaluated here. The role of the quality and amount of ingredients : peptone, agar and starch are emphasized. An improved medium is proposed : tryptophane is added to compensate the casein hydrolysate deficiency for S. typhi growth.

[Surveillance of drug resistance in pathogenic enterobacteria in Algeria. I. Study of the resistance of major and minor Salmonella species to antibiotics in 1973-1974]. / Surveillance de la résistance des entérobactéries pathogènes en Algédrie. I.--Etude de la résistance des Salmonella majeures et des Salmonella mineures aux antibiotiques en 1973-1974.

901 Salmonella strains were examined in our laboratory between October 1973 and August 1974 for their sensitivity to antibiotics. The aim of this study was, on the one hand to detect the possible emergence of drug resistance in strains of Salmonella responsible for typhoid and paratyphoid fevers; on the other hand to follow up, as closely as possible, the occurrence of drug resistance in strains of other Salmonella serotypes isolated in infant and child populations; and, in addition, to awaken practitioners to the problems inherent to the widespread use of antibiotics in these diseases. The 752 typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli strains were found to be drug sensitive with the exception of one Salmonella typhi isolate bearing a R-plasmid coding for resistance to six antibiotics. 91% of the other Salmonella serotypes strains showed resistance to 3 - 7 antibiotics including a number of the latest in use. These data are discussed and a case is made for standardization in the treatment of typhoid fever and review of the use of antibiotics against salmonelloses in infants and young children.

[Survey of Salmonella in animals]. / Enquête sur les Salmonella chez les animaux.

In order to study the incidence of Salmonella in animals and to determine their role in the epidemiology of human salmonellosis in Algeria, a search for Salmonella was carried out in 1 795 animals of various zoological groups and species. The samples examined were either intestinal or vesicular or from the viscera or mesenteric ganglions. 118 animals were found to be Salmonella carriers. The rate of infestation varied from one species to another. Several different serotypes varying from one zoological group to another and from one species to another were isolated. Although some of the Salmonella serotypes isolated have been found in man, the rate of infested animals suggests that animals play a limited role in the etiology of salmonellosis in Algeria.

[15 new serotypes of Salmonella of subgenus I isolated in Africa]. / Quinze nouveaux sérotypes de Salmonella du sous-genre I isolées en Afrique.

Filteen new serotypes of Salmonella belonging to the sub-genus I have been isolated in Africa. Isolated in Ivory Coast: S. dabou (8,20:Z4,Z23,l,W), S. elokate (9,12:c:1,7), S. assinie (3,10:1,w:Z5), S. anna (13,23:Z35:e,n,Z16), S. mpouto (16:m,t:-), S. banco (28:r:1,7), S. abidjan (38:b:l,w); in Senegal: S. bignona (17:b:e,n,Z15), S. lode (17:r:1,2), S. derkle (52,e,h:1,7); in Tchad: S. moussoro (1,6,14,25:i:e,n,Z15), S. drogana (1,4,12,27:r,i:e,n,Z15); in Algeria: S. hydra (21:c:1,6); in Haute-Volta S. farakan (28:Z10:1,5); in Republique Centrafricaine: S. babili (28:Z35:1,7).

[Injuries to the upper extremities in the newborn diagnosed at birth]. / Les traumatismes du membre supérieur du noveau-né constatés à la naissance

Injuries to the upper limb vary in type. The overall incidence, including the form which is revealed by paralysis, is 2.6 per 1,000 (30 cases in 13,342 deliveries). In 90 per cent of cases it followed a dystocic delivery. The prognosis for these lesions is favourable when the diagnosis is made early and the correct treatment is started in the first days of life. All the same, sequellae are not rare, being in the order of 10 per cent, and this pathological condition should not be considered as a benign one. The pathology of these lesions does not depend only on the second stage of labour, nor entirely on the choice between hysterotomy and vaginal delivery, but equally on the prevention of the birth of large children and on the treatment of maternal obesity, as well as on a better estimation of the size ofthe foetus in utero by the development of measurements of the bi-acromial diameter with the use of ultra-sonic techniques.