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Social-ecological network (SEN) concepts and tools are increasingly used in human-environment and sustainability sciences. We take stock of this budding research area to further show the strength of SEN analysis for complex human-environment settings, identify future synergies between SEN and wider human-environment research, and provide guidance about when to use different kinds of SEN approaches and models. We characterize SEN research along a spectrum specifying the degree of explicit network representation of system components and dynamics. We then systematically review one end of this spectrum, what we term "fully articulated SEN" studies, which specifically model unique social and ecological units and relationships. Results show more focus on methodological advancement and applied ends. While there has been some development and testing of theories, this remains an area for future work and would help develop SENs as a unique field of research, not just a method. Authors have studied diverse systems, while mainly focused on the problem of social-ecological fit alongside a scattering of other topics. There is strong potential, however, to engage other issues central to human-environment studies. Analyzing the simultaneous effects of multiple social, environmental, and coupled processes, change over time, and linking network structures to outcomes are also areas for future advancement. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of (fully articulated) SEN research, a necessary step that can help scholars develop comparable cases and fill research gaps.
RESUMO
The seven papers making up this assessment are based on the Workshop on Nonlinear Optical Materials held in April 1986.
RESUMO
The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities of BK-7 glass and fused silica were measured by nonphasematched optical third harmonic generation (THG). Two methods were employed to determine these magnitudes relative to alpha-quartz: comparison of simple THG fringes arising in sequential measurements of individual wedges and analysis of the more complex fringes arising when both sample and standard wedges were placed simultaneously in the laser beam. It is shown that linear optical properties scale among the three materials with density and a generalized Miller delta parameter which includes density variation was seen to be superior to that without.
