[Evolution of COVID-19 at nursing homes from the second wave to vaccination. Description of a coordination program between Primary Care, Geriatrics and Public Health.] / Evolución de la COVID-19 en las residencias de personas mayores desde la segunda ola hasta la vacunación. Descripción de un programa de coordinación entre Atención Primaria, Geriatría y Salud Pública.

OBJECTIVE: Nursing homes have suffered in a particularly pronounced way from the effects of COVID-19 so it is very convenient to know the evolution in them of the disease and the impact of SARS-CoV2 vaccination The objective of this study was to analyze COVID-19 pandemic evolution from the start of the second wave to the end of the vaccination campaign at the nursing homes. A coordination program between Primary Care and Geriatrics and Public Health services was activated. METHODS: 2,668 seniors were followed at 39 nursing homes. Data from new cases, active cases, mortality and place of treatment of COVID-19 were collected. A descriptive analysis was performed with the measurement of the absolute number of positive SARS-CoV-2 cases and the frequency distribution. RESULTS: Between August 7th 2020 and February 26th 2021, 30 outbreaks occurred at 21 nursing homes. 300 people tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (11% of total residents). The daily average of active cases was 27,166 were hospitalized (55%). 66 patients died (22% of those infected), 54 of them (78%) at the hospital. 1,984 PCR tests were performed. The temporary profile of new cases did not follow a distribution "in waves" as in the community. Thirty-seven days after the start of the second dose of vaccination, there were no active cases until March 1st, when new cases were under study for possible vaccine leakage. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of COVID-19 at nursing homes after the first wave of the pandemic has apparently been lower. The transmission in these centers has followed a different distribution than at community. Mass vaccination has achieved the practical disappearance of the disease.

OBJETIVO: Los centros residenciales han sufrido de una manera especialmente acusada los efectos de la COVID-19 por lo que es muy conveniente conocer la evolución en ellos de la enfermedad y el impacto de la vacunación frente al SARS-CoV2. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la evolución de la pandemia de COVID-19 desde el comienzo de la segunda ola hasta el final del proceso de vacunación en las residencias de personas mayores de un área sanitaria, en la cual se activó un programa de coordinación entre Atención Primaria y los servicios de Geriatría y Salud Publica. METODOS: Se siguió a 2.668 personas mayores en 39 residencias. Se recogieron datos de casos nuevos, activos, fallecidos y lugar de tratamiento de la COVID-19. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo con la medición del número absoluto de casos positivo de SARS-CoV-2 y la distribución de frecuencias. RESULTADOS: Entre el 7 de agosto de 2020 y el 26 de febrero de 2021 se produjeron 30 brotes en 21 residencias. Se detectaron 300 casos positivos de SARS-CoV-2 (11% de los residentes totales). La media diaria de casos activos fue 27. Fueron hospitalizados 166 (55%). Fallecieron 66 pacientes (22% de los infectados), 54 de ellos (78%) en el hospital. Se realizaron 1.984 test PCR. El perfil temporal de aparición de casos nuevos no siguió una distribución "en olas" como en la comunidad. Treinta y siete días después del inicio de la segunda dosis de vacunación, no existieron casos activos hasta el 1 de marzo en que aparecieron nuevos casos en estudio por posible escape vacunal. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de la COVID-19 en las residencias de personas mayores tras la primera ola de la pandemia es aparentemente inferior. La transmisión en estos centros sigue una distribución diferente a la de la comunidad. El efecto de la vacunación masiva consigue la práctica desaparición de la enfermedad.

Peripheral IL-6 Levels but not Sarcopenia Are Predictive of 1-Year Mortality After Hip Fracture in Older Patients.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenic patients may have an increased risk of poor outcomes after a hip fracture. The objective of this study was to determine whether sarcopenia and a set of biomarkers were potential predictors of 1-year-mortality in older patients after a hip fracture. METHODS: About 150 patients at least 80 years old were hospitalized for the surgical treatment of a hip fracture. The primary outcome measure was the death in the first year after the hip fracture. Sarcopenia was defined at baseline by having both low muscle mass (bioimpedance analysis) and handgrip and using the updated European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) definition of probable sarcopenia. Janssen's (J) and Masanés (M) cutoff points were used to define low muscle mass. RESULTS: Mortality 1 year after the hip fracture was 11.5%. In univariate analyses, baseline sarcopenia was not associated with mortality, using neither of the muscle mass cutoff points: 5.9% in sarcopenic (J) versus 12.4% in non-sarcopenic participants (p = .694) and 16% in sarcopenic (M) versus 9.6% in non-sarcopenic participants (p = .285). Probable sarcopenia (EWGSOP2) was not associated with mortality. Peripheral levels of IL-6 at baseline were significantly higher in the group of participants who died in the year after the hip fracture (17.14 ± 16.74 vs 11.42 ± 7.99 pg/mL, p = .026). TNF-α peripheral levels had a nonsignificant trend to be higher in participants who died. No other biomarker was associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia at baseline was not a predictor of 1-year mortality in older patients after a hip fracture. IL-6 was associated with a higher risk of mortality in these patients, regardless of sarcopenia status.

Síndrome serotoninérgico inducido por polifarmacia / Serotoninergic syndrome induced by multiple medications

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Biomarkers of sarcopenia in very old patients with hip fracture.

BACKGROUND: Hip fracture is both a cause and a consequence of sarcopenia. Older persons with sarcopenia have an increased risk of falling, and the prevalence of sarcopenia may be increased in those who suffer a hip fracture. The aim of this study was to explore potential biomarkers (neuromuscular and peripheral pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers) that may be associated with sarcopenia in very old persons with hip fracture. METHODS: We recruited 150 consecutive patients ≥80 years old admitted to an orthogeriatric unit for an osteoporotic hip fracture. Muscle mass was assessed pre-operatively using bioelectrical impedance analysis; Janssen's (J) and Masanés' (M) reference cut-off points were used to define low muscle mass. Muscle strength was assessed with handgrip strength (Jamar's dynamometer). Sarcopenia was defined by having both low muscle mass and strength and using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 definition of probable sarcopenia (low grip strength). Peripheral markers-pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters-were determined either in the plasma or in the erythrocyte fraction obtained from peripheral whole blood of every patient pre-operatively. RESULTS: Mean age was 87.6 ± 4.9 years, and 78.7% were women. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 11.5% with Janssen's, 34.9% with Masanés' cut-offs, and 93.3% with the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 definition of probable sarcopenia. Among the four pro-inflammatory cytokines tested in plasma, only tumour necrosis factor-α was different (lower) in sarcopenic than in non-sarcopenic participants using both muscle mass cut-offs (J 7.9 ± 6.2 vs. 8.3 ± 5.8, M 6.8 ± 4.7 vs. 9.1 ± 6.2). Erythrocyte glutathione system showed a non-significant tendency to lower glutathione levels and glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratios in sarcopenic participants compared with non-sarcopenic subjects. Catalase activity was also lower in sarcopenic participants (J 2904 ± 1429 vs. 3329 ± 1483, M 3037 ± 1430 vs. 3431 ± 1498). No significant differences were found between groups in chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and butyrylcholinesterase activity, C-terminal agrin fragment, interferon-γ, or interleukin-1ß. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with hip fracture varies according to the definition and the muscle mass reference cut-off points used. We did not find differences in most neuromuscular, pro-inflammatory, or oxidative stress markers, except for lower peripheral tumour necrosis factor-α levels and catalase activity in sarcopenic participants, which may be markers of an early inflammatory reaction that is hampered in sarcopenic patients.

Prevalencia de sarcopenia y características de los sarcopénicos en pacientes mayores de 80 años ingresados por fractura de cadera / Prevalence of sarcopenia and characteristics of sarcopenic subjects in patients over 80 years with hip fracture

Objetivo: calcular la prevalencia de sarcopenia en ancianos ingresados por fractura de cadera (FC) y comparar las características de sarcopénicos y no sarcopénicos. Método: se incluyeron 150 pacientes consecutivos de 80 o más años ingresados por una FC. Se diagnosticó sarcopenia a aquellos con baja masa muscular (bioimpedanciometría, puntos de corte de Janssen y Masanés) y baja fuerza muscular (dinamómetro de Jamar). Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, cognitivas (Pfeiffer, GDS-Reisberg), funcionales (Barthel, FAC), nutricionales (MNA-SF, índice de masa corporal [IMC], ángulo de fase) y se registró el número de caídas y el número de fármacos. Resultados: edad media: 87,6 ± 4,9 años (78,7% mujeres). La prevalencia de sarcopenia fue del 11,5% (Janssen) y 34,9% (Masanés). Del 77,5% que deambulaba de forma independiente, un 40% había sufrido ≥ 3 caídas. El 38% padecía demencia. Un 80,4% presentaba dependencia leve-moderada y el 14,2% era independiente para actividades básicas de la vida diaria (ABVD). El MNA era compatible con malnutrición en el 12,6% y tomaba ≥ 4 medicamentos el 85,2%. Los pacientes sarcopénicos (Masanés) presentaban índice de masa corporal más bajo (18,6 vs. 24,3, p = 0,003); no se encontraron diferencias entre sarcopénicos y no sarcopénicos en otras variables. No hubo asociación entre el ángulo de fase y la sarcopenia. Conclusiones: hasta un tercio de los pacientes mayores que ingresaron por FC presentan sarcopenia en el momento del ingreso. La prevalencia, en el presente estudio, depende de los puntos de corte usados para definir la baja masa muscular. En contra de lo previsible, los pacientes sarcopénicos con FC muy mayores apenas se diferencian de los no sarcopénicos, salvo por un menor IMC

Aim: to estimate the prevalence of sarcopenia in very old patients admitted to an Orthogeriatric Unit for the treatment of a hip fracture (HF), and to compare characteristics of patients with and without sarcopenia. Methods: one hundred and fifty consecutive patients ≥ 80 years old admitted with HF were included. Sarcopenia was diagnosed with low muscle mass (bioimpedance, using two different cut-off points, Janssen and Masanés) and low grip strength (Jamar's dynamometer). Socio-demographic, nutritional variables (MNA-SF, body mass index [BMI], phase angle), cognitive (Pfeiffer, Reisberg's GDS) and functional variables (Barthel index, FAC) were registered, as well as the number of recent falls and medications on admission. Results: mean age: 87.6 ± 4.9 years (78.7% women). Prevalence of sarcopenia: 11.5% (Janssen's cut-offs) and 34.9% (Masanés cut-offs). Of the 77.5% who had independent ambulation before the fracture, 40% reported three or more recent falls. Before admission, 38% had dementia and 80.4% had mild to moderate dependence to BADL before admission; 14.2% were independent for all BADL. MNA was suggestive of malnutrition in 12.6%, and 85.2% were on four or more prescribed drugs. Sarcopenic (Masanés) had a lower BMI than non-sarcopenic participants (18.6 vs 24.3, p = 0.003), but no other significant differences were found between both groups. Phase angle was also unrelated to sarcopenia status. Conclusions: up to one third of very old patients with HF had sarcopenia on admission. Prevalence varied widely depending on the cut-off points selected to define low muscle mass. Sarcopenic patients in this setting were mostly similar to non-sarcopenic patients, except for a lower BMI

[Prevalence of sarcopenia and characteristics of sarcopenic subjects in patients over 80 years with hip fracture]. / Prevalencia de sarcopenia y características de los sarcopénicos en pacientes mayores de 80 años ingresados por fractura de cadera.

INTRODUCTION: Aim: to estimate the prevalence of sarcopenia in very old patients admitted to an Orthogeriatric Unit for the treatment of a hip fracture (HF), and to compare characteristics of patients with and without sarcopenia. Methods: one hundred and fifty consecutive patients ≥ 80 years old admitted with HF were included. Sarcopenia was diagnosed with low muscle mass (bioimpedance, using two different cut-off points, Janssen and Masanés) and low grip strength (Jamar's dynamometer). Socio-demographic, nutritional variables (MNA-SF, body mass index [BMI], phase angle), cognitive (Pfeiffer, Reisberg's GDS) and functional variables (Barthel index, FAC) were registered, as well as the number of recent falls and medications on admission. Results: mean age: 87.6 ± 4.9 years (78.7% women). Prevalence of sarcopenia: 11.5% (Janssen's cut-offs) and 34.9% (Masanés cut-offs). Of the 77.5% who had independent ambulation before the fracture, 40% reported three or more recent falls. Before admission, 38% had dementia and 80.4% had mild to moderate dependence to BADL before admission; 14.2% were independent for all BADL. MNA was suggestive of malnutrition in 12.6%, and 85.2% were on four or more prescribed drugs. Sarcopenic (Masanés) had a lower BMI than non-sarcopenic participants (18.6 vs 24.3, p = 0.003), but no other significant differences were found between both groups. Phase angle was also unrelated to sarcopenia status. Conclusions: up to one third of very old patients with HF had sarcopenia on admission. Prevalence varied widely depending on the cut-off points selected to define low muscle mass. Sarcopenic patients in this setting were mostly similar to non-sarcopenic patients, except for a lower BMI.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: calcular la prevalencia de sarcopenia en ancianos ingresados por fractura de cadera (FC) y comparar las características de sarcopénicos y no sarcopénicos. Método: se incluyeron 150 pacientes consecutivos de 80 o más años ingresados por una FC. Se diagnosticó sarcopenia a aquellos con baja masa muscular (bioimpedanciometría, puntos de corte de Janssen y Masanés) y baja fuerza muscular (dinamómetro de Jamar). Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, cognitivas (Pfeiffer, GDS-Reisberg), funcionales (Barthel, FAC), nutricionales (MNA-SF, índice de masa corporal [IMC], ángulo de fase) y se registró el número de caídas y el número de fármacos. Resultados: edad media: 87,6 ± 4,9 años (78,7% mujeres). La prevalencia de sarcopenia fue del 11,5% (Janssen) y 34,9% (Masanés). Del 77,5% que deambulaba de forma independiente, un 40% había sufrido ≥ 3 caídas. El 38% padecía demencia. Un 80,4% presentaba dependencia leve-moderada y el 14,2% era independiente para actividades básicas de la vida diaria (ABVD). El MNA era compatible con malnutrición en el 12,6% y tomaba ≥ 4 medicamentos el 85,2%. Los pacientes sarcopénicos (Masanés) presentaban índice de masa corporal más bajo (18,6 vs. 24,3, p = 0,003); no se encontraron diferencias entre sarcopénicos y no sarcopénicos en otras variables. No hubo asociación entre el ángulo de fase y la sarcopenia. Conclusiones: hasta un tercio de los pacientes mayores que ingresaron por FC presentan sarcopenia en el momento del ingreso. La prevalencia, en el presente estudio, depende de los puntos de corte usados para definir la baja masa muscular. En contra de lo previsible, los pacientes sarcopénicos con FC muy mayores apenas se diferencian de los no sarcopénicos, salvo por un menor IMC.