Hydroxocobalamin, a nitric oxide scavenger, in the prophylaxis of migraine: an open, pilot study.

Drugs which directly counteract nitric oxide (NO), such as endothelial receptor blockers, NO-synthase inhibitors, and NO-scavengers, may be effective in the acute treatment of migraine, but are also likely to be effective in migraine prophylaxis. In the underlying pilot study the prophylactic effect of the NO scavenger hydroxocobalamin after intranasal administration in migraine was evaluated. Twenty patients, with a history of migraine of > 1 year and with two to eight migraine attacks per month, were included in an open trial. A baseline period was followed by an active treatment period of 3 months with 1 mg intranasal hydroxocobalamin daily. Patients were instructed to complete a diary in which details of each attack were described. A reduction in migraine attack frequency of >/ or = 50% was seen in 10 of 19 patients, which corresponds to 53% of the patients (responders). A reduction of > or = 30% was noted in 63% of the patients. The mean attack frequency in the total study population showed a reduction from 4.7 +/- 1.7 attacks per month to 2.7 +/- 1.6 (P < 0.001). For the responders the migraine attack frequency was reduced from 5.2 +/- 1.9 (baseline) to 1.9 +/- 1.3 attacks per month (P < 0.005), while for those who did not respond a non-significant reduction was found: 4.1 +/- 1.4 to 3.7 +/- 1.5 (P > 0.1). A reduction was also observed for the total duration of the migraine attacks per month, the total number of migraine days per month and the number of medication doses for acute treatment used per month. This is the first prospective, open study indicating that intranasal hydroxocobalamin may have a prophylactic effect in migraine. As a percentage of responders in prophylactic trials of > 35-40% is unlikely to be a placebo effect, a double-blind study is warranted.

Classification of cilio-inhibiting effects of nasal drugs.

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Nasal drug formulations are widely used for a local therapeutic effect, but are also used for systemic drug delivery. In the development of new nasal drugs, the toxic effects on the mucociliary clearance and therefore on the ciliated tissue is of importance. In this study, the effect of nasal drugs and their excipients on the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is investigated. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental, in vitro. METHODS: CBF is measured by a photograph-electric registration method. Excised ciliated chicken trachea tissue is incubated for 15 minutes in the formulation, followed by a reversibility test. To estimate the ciliostatic potential, a classification is given of all tested formulations. According to the CBF, after 60 minutes every drug or excipient could be classified as follows: cilio-friendly: after 60 minutes the CBF has regained 75% or more of its initial frequency; cilio-inhibiting: after 60 minutes the CBF has regained between 25% and 75% of its initial frequency; or ciliostatic: after 60 minutes the CBF has regained 25% or less of its initial frequency. RESULTS: Most formulations used are cilio-friendly or cilio-inhibiting. Only some are ciliostatic. Preservatives have a major role in the cilio-inhibiting effect of the drug. Also, other additives can contribute to the toxicity profile of nasal drug formulations. CONCLUSION: This classification of the cilio-inhibiting potential of nasal drug formulations is a valuable tool in the design of safe nasal drugs. The number of animal studies in vivo can be reduced substantially by using this in vitro screening technique. This study demonstrates that the effect on ciliary movement of most drug formulations is due to the preservatives and/or additives and mostly not to the drug itself.

Effects of N-trimethyl chitosan chloride, a novel absorption enhancer, on caco-2 intestinal epithelia and the ciliary beat frequency of chicken embryo trachea.

N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) polymers are quaternized chitosans in different degrees of trimethylation. These polymers enhance the absorption of macromolecules through mucosal epithelia by triggering the reversible opening of tight junctions and only allow for paracellular transport. To investigate the safety of these novel absorption enhancers cytotoxicity and ciliotoxicity studies have been performed. Intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers were chosen to study possible membrane damaging effects of these polymers, using confocal laser scanning microscopy visualization of nuclear staining by a membrane impermeable fluorescent probe during transport of the paracellular marker Texas red dextran (MW 10 000). Ciliated chicken embryo trachea tissue was used to study the effect of the polymers on the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in vitro. In both studies the TMC polymers of different degrees of substitution (20, 40 and 60%) were tested at a concentration of 1.0% (w/v). No substantial cell membrane damage could be detected on the Caco-2 cells treated with TMCs, while the effect on the CBF in vitro was found to be marginal. TMC60 and TMC40 enhance paracellular transport of Texas red dextran in Caco-2 cell monolayers, whereas TMC20 is ineffective. In conclusion, TMCs of high degrees of substitution may be effective and safe absorption enhancers for peptide and protein drug delivery.

Validation of animal experiments on ciliary function in vitro. I. The influence of substances used clinically.

In vitro studies of ciliary activity require specimens of healthy epithelium in relatively large quantities. Since human material is difficult to obtain, fresh chicken trachea samples have frequently been used in function experiments. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether several substances had comparable effects on the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of chicken trachea and cryopreserved human respiratory epithelium obtained from the sphenoidal sinus. For this study, we used two topical anaesthetics: cocaine (3% and 7%) and lidocaine (2%). These anaesthetic substances were adjusted to pH 6 and pH 7. We also used two decongestants, namely xylometazoline 0.1% and oxymetazoline 0.1%, and the beta-blocking agent propranolol. Topical anaesthetics appeared to be more ciliostatic in solutions with pH 7 compared to pH 6. Complete ciliostatic effects were reversible, with the exception of the ciliostasis induced by propranolol. The effects of these substances on the CBF of fresh chicken trachea and cryopreserved human tissue did not differ significantly. These experiments show that chicken trachea constitutes a valid substitute for human material in studying ciliary activity in vitro. Moreover, the experiments provide evidence in support of the assumption that cryopreservation has no effect on ciliary reactivity as expressed by the CBF.

Validation of animal experiments on ciliary function in vitro. II. The influence of absorption enhancers, preservatives and physiologic saline.

Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is one of the most important parameters of mucociliary clearance. Previously, we demonstrated that mucosa from chicken embryo trachea is a good substitute for human ciliated epithelium to study the effects on CBF of substances that are used clinically. In this study, we examined the effect on CBF of four excipients for nasal drug formulations: the absorption enhancers methylated beta-cyclodextrin 2% and sodium taurodihydrofusidate 1%, the preservative benzalkonium chloride 0.01%, and physiologic saline. We also examined the effect on CBF of the cryopreservative dimethyl sulfoxide, which is used to protect ciliated epithelium prior to storage in liquid nitrogen. Results obtained with chicken embryo trachea were compared with those of cryopreserved human mucosa taken from the sphenoidal sinus. For all of the substances tested, the effects on CBF of chicken material were comparable to those measured on human material. Benzalkonium chloride had a stronger ciliostatic effect on human tissue. After 60 min, however, the effect of that substance on CBF was similar in both tissues. We conclude that chicken embryo trachea can be used as a substitute for human ciliated mucosa when studying ciliary activity in vitro.

The effect of methylated beta-cyclodextrins on the tight junctions of the rat nasal respiratory epithelium: electron microscopic and confocal laser scanning microscopic visualization studies.

The nasal absorption enhancer randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin (RAMEB) is thought to increase the paracellular permeability of the nasal epithelium by opening of the tight junctions. The effects of RAMEB on the cytoskeleton of the rat nasal epithelium in vivo were determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The effects on the tight junctions of the rat nasal epithelium were also investigated, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of thin sections. The effects of RAMEB were compared with those of the absorption enhancer sodium taurodihydrofusidate (STDHF). Fifteen minutes after nasal administration of 2% RAMEB in vivo, the distribution of cytoskeletal actin was comparable to the untreated control, suggesting that RAMEB does not cause opening of the tight junctions via cytoskeletal interactions. In contrast, administration of 1% STDHF resulted in changes in the actin staining. Furthermore, with TEM severe damage of the nasal epithelium was observed after treatment with 1% STDHF. Ultrastructural changes of the tight junctions were not apparent in TEM sections after treatment with 2% RAMEB. In conclusion, CLSM and TEM are suitable methods to visualize the effects of absorption enhancers on nasal epithelial morphology.

Bioavailability of intranasal formulations of dihydroergotamine.

OBJECTIVE: A comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of two novel intranasal preparations of dihydroergotamine mesilate (DHEM) with a commercially available intranasal preparation. METHODS: Two intranasal formulations of DHEM in combination with randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin (RAMEB) were prepared. Subsequently, in an open, randomised, crossover study in nine healthy volunteers, the following medication was administered: 2 mg DHEM/2% RAMEB nasal spray (= two puffs of 100 microliters); 2 mg DHEM/4 mg RAMEB nasal powder; 2 mg Diergo nasal spray (= four puffs of 125 microliters); 0.5 mg DHEM i.m., and 2 mg DHEM solution p.o. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found in maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (tmax), area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-8 h), Frel(t = 8 h) and Cmax/AUC(t = 8 h) for the three intranasal preparations. The relative bioavailabilities of the DHEM/RAMEB nasal spray, the DHEM/RAMEB nasal powder and the commercially available DHEM nasal spray were 25%, 19% and 21%, respectively, in comparison with i.m. administration. The relative bioavailability after oral administration was 8%. CONCLUSION: The pharmacokinetic properties of the novel intranasal preparations are not significantly different from the commercially available nasal spray. Advantages of the DHEM/RAMEB nasal spray are (1) less complicated handling, (2) reduction of the number of puffs and (3) a preference by the volunteers.

Efficacy, safety and mechanism of cyclodextrins as absorption enhancers in nasal delivery of peptide and protein drugs.

Cyclodextrins are used in nasal drug delivery as absorption enhancing compounds to increase the intranasal bioavailability of peptide and protein drugs. The most effective cyclodextrins in animal experiments are the methylated derivatives, dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin and randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin, which are active at low concentrations ranging between 2% and 5%. However, large species differences between rats, rabbits and humans exist for the nasal absorption enhancement by cyclodextrins. Based on toxicological studies of the local effects of cyclodextrins on the nasal mucosa dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin and randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin are considered safe nasal absorption enhancers. Their effects were quite similar to controls (physiological saline), but smaller than those of the preservative benzalkonium chloride in histological and ciliary beat frequency studies. In these studies, and in a study of the release of marker compounds after nasal administration, methylated beta-cyclodextrins were less toxic than sodium glycocholate, sodium taurodihydrofusidate, laureth-9 and L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine. Systemic toxicity after nasal cyclodextrin administration is not expected, because very low doses of cyclodextrins are administered and only very small amounts are absorbed. The mechanism of action of cyclodextrins may be explained by their interaction with the nasal epithelial membranes and their ability to transiently open tight junctions.

Nasal absorption of hydroxocobalamin in healthy elderly adults.

AIMS: To investigate the nasal absorption of hydroxocobalamin in 10 healthy elderly adults. METHODS: In a cross-over study, blood samples were collected before administration of the drug and after 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min. The plasma cobalamin concentration was determined by competitive radioisotope binding technique. RESULTS: The maximal plasma cobalamin concentration (Cmax) after nasal administration of 750 microg hydroxocobalamin was 1900 +/- 900 pmol l(-1) (mean +/- s.d.). The maximal plasma cobalamin concentration was reached in 35 +/- 13 min (t[max]). The Cmax after nasal administration of 1500 microg hydroxocobalamin was 3500 +/- 2500 pmol l(-1) with a t(max) of 28 +/- 16 min. Both the AUC(0,240 min) and AUC(0,00) increased significantly with an increase of the dose from 750 microg to 1500 microg (P = 0.037 and P = 0.028, respectively). The nasal spray was well tolerated. No signs of irritation or local sensitivity were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The nasal absorption of hydroxocobalamin in healthy elderly adults is rapid, high and well tolerated.

Normalization of plasma vitamin B12 concentration by intranasal hydroxocobalamin in vitamin B12-deficient patients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with previous stomach and terminal ileum resections are often treated with intramuscular vitamin B12 injections. Disadvantages are, on a worldwide scale, the frequent need for medical personnel to administer injections and the sometimes painful way of application. This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of intranasal hydroxocobalamin suppletion in cobalamin-deficient patients and to assess whether intranasal hydroxocobalamin application could be an alternative for intramuscular injection. METHODS: Six patients with plasma cobalamin concentrations of < 200 ng/L were recruited. A dose of 1500 micrograms hydroxocobalamin was applied intranasally at days 0, 14, and 21. Plasma cobalamin concentrations were determined 1 hour after hydroxocobalamin application and on days 0, 7, 21, 28, and 35. RESULTS: All patients showed substantial increase of cobalamin concentrations 1 hour after intranasal application. In these 6 patients, there was an eightfold increase of mean baseline cobalamin concentrations. All patients showed a sustained increase of baseline cobalamin concentrations 1 week after prior intranasal application of hydroxocobalamin. No side effects were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Intranasal application of hydroxocobalamin in cobalamin-deficient patients results in fast nasal absorption and leads to sustained increase of baseline cobalamin concentrations.

Nasal absorption of dihydroergotamine from liquid and powder formulations in rabbits.

Nasal drug delivery is an interesting route of administration for dihydroergotamine in migraine therapy. The currently available formulation contains dihydroergotamine at 4 mg/mL. For a nasal dose of 2 mg, a volume of 0.5 mL has to be administered, which sometimes leads to spillage of the formulation. The aim of the present study was to develop a nasal spray with a dihydroergotamine concentration of 10 mg/mL. To increase the solubility and stability of dihydroergotamine, randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin was used. Liquid formulations and lyophilized powders of dihydroergotamine and randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin were prepared. The liquid and powder formulations were compared by determining their pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability after nasal administration in rabbits. Nasal sprays were significantly more effective than drops in increasing the nasal bioavailability of dihydroergotamine, but the amount of randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin in liquid sprays did not significantly alter the nasal absorption. For powder formulations, the dihydroergotamine absorption was dependent on the amount of methylated beta-cyclodextrin and powder volume, and the nasal bioavailability from the optimal powder was slightly, but not significantly, higher than that for liquids. In conclusion, the formulations investigated are a substantial improvement of the current commercial formulation, not only because the spray volume of the liquid spray can be reduced 2.5 times, but also because of the increased stability of liquid and powder sprays with randomly methylated-beta-cyclodextrin.

Confocal laser scanning microscopic visualization of the transport of dextrans after nasal administration to rats: effects of absorption enhancers.

PURPOSE: To visualize the transport pathway(s) of high molecular weight model compounds across rat nasal epithelium in vivo using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, the influence of nasal absorption enhancers (randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin and sodium taurodihydrofusidate) on this transport was studied. METHODS: Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled dextrans with a molecular weight of 3,000 or 10,000 Da were administered intranasally to rats. Fifteen minutes after administration the tissue was fixed with Bouin. The nasal septum was surgically removed and stained with Evans Blue protein stain or DiIC18(5) lipid stain prior to visualization with the confocal laser scanning microscope. RESULTS: Transport of FITC-dextran 3,000 across nasal epithelium occurred via the paracellular pathway. Endocytosis of FITC-dextran 3,000 was also shown. In the presence of randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin 2% (w/v) similar transport pathways for FITC-dextran 3,000 were observed. With sodium taurodihydrofusidate 1% (w/v) the transport route was also paracellular with endocytosis, but cells were swollen and mucus was extruded into the nasal cavity. For FITC-dextran 10,000 hardly any transport was observed without enhancer, or after co-administration with randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin 2% (w/v). Co-administration with sodium taurodihydrofusidate 1% (w/v) resulted in paracellular transport of FITC-dextran 10,000, but morphological changes, i.e. swelling of cells and mucus extrusion, were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Confocal laser scanning microscopy is a suitable approach to visualize the transport pathways of high molecular weight hydrophilic compounds across nasal epithelium, and to study the effects of absorption enhancers on drug transport and cell morphology.

Simplified solid-phase extraction method for determination of dihydroergotamine in rabbit and human serum using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

A rapid, selective and sensitive method for the determination of dihydroergotamine (DHE) in serum was developed. Dihydroergocristine (DHEC) was used as an internal standard. Human and rabbit serum samples were extracted using commercial solid-phase cyano (CN) columns. Proteins were washed from these columns with pure acetonitrile, resulting in clean extracts. Extracts were subsequently separated by HPLC in an isocratic way, using a reversed-phase C18 analytical column. Fluorometric detection was performed at excitation and emission wavelengths of 277 and 348 nm, respectively. Calibration curves with amounts of DHE ranging from 2 to 32 ng, were linear. The limit of detection found for DHE was 0.2 ng, extracted from 0.5 ml rabbit or from 2.5 ml human serum. The limit of quantification in serum of both species was 0.7 ng. The method has been shown to be suitable for monitoring DHE in serum during pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits.

Effects of absorption enhancers on rat nasal epithelium in vivo: release of marker compounds in the nasal cavity.

PURPOSE: The assessment of the effects of nasal absorption enhancers on the rat nasal epithelium and membrane permeability in vivo after a single nasal dose of the enhancers. METHODS: The release of marker compounds (protein, cholesterol and acid phosphatase) from the nasal epithelium was measured using a lavage technique. The nasal membrane permeability was determined after intravenous administration of a systemic tracer (FITC-albumin). RESULTS: The effects of the absorption enhancers could be classified into four categories. The first consisted of HP beta CD (5%), DM beta CD (2%) and RAMEB (2%) and was not different from the control (physiological saline). For the second category, DM beta CD (5%), effects were significantly higher than for the control. The third category, SGC (1%), was more active than DM beta CD (5%) but less active than the last group. The fourth, most membrane damaging, category consisted of STDHF (1%), laureth-9 (1%) and LPC (1%). Administration of these three enhancers also resulted in release of acid phosphatase, indicating that severe membrane damage occurred. The release of cholesterol from nasal epithelium was largely dependent on the cholesterol solubilisation of the absorption enhancers. The amount of cholesterol released by laureth-9 and LPC was the largest. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this in vivo study are in agreement (i.e. similarity in rank order) with morphological and ciliotoxicity studies of nasal absorption enhancers, demonstrating that this in vivo model is a valuable tool to classify nasal absorption enhancers according to their effects on the rat nasal epithelium.

Methylated beta-cyclodextrins are able to improve the nasal absorption of salmon calcitonin.

The absorption enhancing effect of methylated beta-cyclodextrins on the nasal absorption of salmon calcitonin (sCT) was studied in rats and rabbits. The nasal absorption of sCT following administration without additives was low in both species. The absorption in rats could be largely improved by coadministration of cyclodextrins as apparent from the effect on serum calcium concentrations. Trimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (TM beta CD), at a concentration of 5% (w/v), was the least potent enhancer. Randomly methylated-beta-cyclodextrin (RM beta CD) and dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM beta CD), all at a concentration of 5% (w/v), were almost equally effective in decreasing serum calcium levels, and the hypocalcemic responses were similar to those of i.v. and s.c. injected sCT. Absorption enhancement was already achieved with 1% DM beta CD added to the nasal formulations. In rabbits, only the effect of DM beta CD on the nasal sCT absorption was investigated. A total serum calcium decrement in 4 hours of 9.4 +/- 3.9% (mean +/- SD) was observed following nasal administration of 12.6 IU/kg sCT with 5% DM beta CD, comparable to that of i.v.-injected sCT. In conclusion, the methylated cyclodextrins DM beta CD and RM beta CD are suitable absorption enhancers for nasal sCT administration, which is expected to have a clinical impact on the therapy with calcitonin.

Absorption of clonazepam after intranasal and buccal administration.

Serum concentrations of clonazepam after intranasal, buccal and intravenous administration were compared in a cross-over study in seven healthy male volunteers. Each subject received a 1.0 mg dose of clonazepam intranasally and buccally and 0.5 mg intravenously. A Cmax of 6.3 +/- 1.0 ng ml-1 (mean; +/- s.d.) was measured 17.5 min (median) (range 15-20 min) after intranasal administration. A second peak (4.6 +/- 1.3 ng ml-1) caused by oral absorption was seen after 1.7 h (range 0.7-3.0 h). After buccal administration a Cmax of 6.0 +/- 3.0 ng ml-1 was measured after 50 min (range 30-90 min) with a second peak of 6.5 +/- 2.5 ng ml-1 after 3.0 h (range 2.0-4.0 h). Two minutes after i.v. injection of 0.5 mg clonazepam the serum concentration was 27 +/- 18 ng ml-1. It is concluded that intranasal clonazepam is an alternative to buccal administration. However, the Cmax of clonazepam after intranasal administration is not high enough to recommend the intranasal route as an alternative to intravenous injection.

Hypocalcemic effect of salmon calcitonin following single and repeated nasal and intravenous administration in young rabbits.

The effect of the polypeptide salmon calcitonin (sCT) on serum calcium concentrations following intranasal and intravenous administration was studied in young rabbits. A small, hypocalcemic effect was observed after nasal administration of sCT without additives, indicating that the nasal sCT absorption was low. The absorption could be improved by addition of an absorption-enhancing adjuvant to the nasal preparation. The absorption, however, was still far from complete as was apparent from the much stronger effect of intravenously injected sCT. When a number of sCT doses were given during a 10-week period, the hypocalcemic effect per sCT dose in the young rabbits decreased after intravenous and, although less pronounced, after nasal administration. The decreased response to sCT is probably not related to the induction of neutralizing antibodies or desensitization of sCT receptors, but is more likely associated with the age-dependent level of bone activity.

Nasal administration of an ACTH(4-9) peptide analogue with dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin as an absorption enhancer: pharmacokinetics and dynamics.

1. The systemic absorption and the neurotrophic effect of the metabolically stabilized ACTH (4-9) analogue, Org2766, were investigated following intranasal (i.n.) administration. 2. Without additives the nasal bioavailability of the peptide was in the order of 15 and 10% in rats and rabbits, respectively. The absorption could be improved by addition of a variety of absorption enhancers to the nasal preparation. The beta-cyclodextrin derivative, dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM beta CD) at a concentration of 5% (w/v) improved the absorption in rats about 5 fold from 13 +/- 4% (mean +/- s.d.) for administration of the peptide alone to 65 +/- 21%, and in rabbits 1 to 2 fold, from 10 +/- 6% to 17 +/- 8%. 3. The increased permeability of the rat nasal mucosa for Org2766 caused by DM beta CD in rats reversed substantially within 1 h. However, the nasal absorption had not yet completely returned to the level without enhancer. 4. S.c. administered Org2766 accelerated the functional recovery from peripheral nerve damage in rats. However, the peptide did not facilitate nerve repair following i.n. administration with DM beta CD, in spite of the fact that Org2766 was well absorbed. I.v. injection of Org2766 was also ineffective.

Nasal insulin delivery with dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin as an absorption enhancer in rabbits: powder more effective than liquid formulations.

The nasal absorption of insulin using dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM beta CD) as an absorption enhancer in rabbits was studied. The nasal administration of insulin/DM beta CD liquid formulations did not result in significant changes in serum insulin and blood glucose concentrations. In contrast, previous experiments in rats showed that the addition of DM beta CD to the liquid nasal formulation resulted in an almost-complete insulin absorption, with a concomitant strong hypoglycaemic response. Apparently, the effect of the cyclodextrin derivative on insulin absorption differs between animal species following nasal delivery of insulin/DM beta CD solutions. On the other hand, nasal administration of the lyophilized insulin/DM beta CD powder dosage form in rabbits resulted in increased serum insulin concentrations, and a maximum decrease in blood glucose of about 50%. The absolute bioavailability of the nasally administered insulin/DM beta CD powder was 13 +/- 4%, compared to 1 +/- 1% for both an insulin/DM beta CD liquid and an insulin/lactose powder formulation. It is concluded that insulin powder formulations with DM beta CD as an absorption enhancer are much more effective than liquid formulations.

Liquid chromatographic determination of beta-cyclodextrin derivatives based on fluorescence enhancement after inclusion complexation.

A liquid chromatographic method using fluorescence detection for the determination of beta-cyclodextrin (beta CD) and its derivatives is presented. The chromatographic system is based on size-exclusion chromatography with the addition of the fluorophoric compound 1-naphthol to the mobile phase. Detection is based on fluorescence enhancement caused by the formation of inclusion complexes. By incorporating 10(-4) M 1-naphthol in the mobile phase, detection limits of 90, 27, 370 and 37 pmol were obtained for beta CD, hydroxypropyl-beta CD, trimethyl-beta CD and dimethyl-beta CD, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of dimethyl-beta CD in urine: the minimum detectable concentration was 0.2 microgram/ml after preconcentration of 10 ml of urine.