RESUMO
Ultrasound is routinely used for the assessment and diagnosis of testicular torsion. It has proven to be a reliable and necessary diagnostic tool for the urologist. Problems, however, can arise in the form of misdiagnosis when the basic pathophysiology and clinical presentation of testicular torsion are not clearly understood. In this pictorial review, we present the spectrum of the appearance of testes with testicular torsion. This includes both complete and incomplete torsion. The critical use of Doppler and the interpretation of the Doppler findings will be presented. Other abnormalities that can be potentially confused with testicular torsion, including epididymitis and orchitis, will be shown. An approach to assessing the testis that stresses the critical role of both Doppler examination and an understanding of the clinical presentation will be presented. In particular, in incomplete torsion, a Doppler examination will still demonstrate flow to the testis, potentially leading to a missed diagnosis if the clinical presentation is not considered. Examples of normal and abnormal anatomy will be presented.
Assuntos
Torção do Cordão Espermático/diagnóstico por imagem , Erros de Diagnóstico , Epididimite/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Masculino , Orquite/diagnóstico por imagem , Torção do Cordão Espermático/fisiopatologia , Testículo/diagnóstico por imagem , Testículo/fisiopatologia , Ultrassonografia DopplerRESUMO
Stroke secondary to atherosclerotic disease remains one of the leading causes of death. Ischemia from severe, flow limiting stenosis due to atherosclerotic disease involving the extracranial carotid arteries is implicated in approximately 20-30% of strokes. An estimated 80% of strokes are thromboembolic in origin, often with carotid plaque as the embolic source, usually involving the internal carotid artery within 2 cm of the carotid bifurcation. Carotid endarterectomy has been proven to be more beneficial than medical therapy in symptomatic patients with greater than 70% stenosis. Accurate diagnosis of hemodynamically significant stenosis is therefore critical in identifying those patients who would benefit from the surgery. In this paper we present a pictorial review of the use of ultrasound in the examination of the carotid arteries.
