Volatile components of green walnut husks.

Volatiles were isolated from whole green mature walnuts (Hartley variety) with husks still intact using dynamic headspace sweeping with trapping on Tenax. A total of 45 volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS. Major volatiles identified included (E)-4, 8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, pinocarvone, pinocarveol, myrtenal, myrtenol, (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene, caryophyllene epoxide, verbenol, verbenone, and terpinolene. Green walnuts that had been infested with codling moth showed appreciably higher amounts emitted for (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E, E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene, alpha- and beta-pinenes, sabinene, (E)-beta-ocimene, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, and linalool. The infested nuts also emitted benzyl methyl ether, isobutyl cyanide, and 1-nitro-3-methylbutane, compounds not found with the healthy nuts. Volatiles from uninfested green walnuts at the maturity stage where the husk was just beginning to split were also analyzed and compared.

Eupatoriochromene and encecalin, plant growth regulators from yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.).

Two chromenes, eupatoriochromene (1) and encecalin (2), have been isolated from yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). Both chromenes retard seed germination and reduce radicle and hypocotyl growth of weed and crop plant seedlings. In addition,1 increases adventitious root formation of mung bean cuttings.