Employability of University Graduates with Disabilities in Spain.

One of the most important challenges that Spanish universities face is the employability of graduates, a key factor to socioeconomic development. The analysis of the relationship between higher education and employment is a topic of obvious relevance, with greater interest in vulnerable groups-such as graduates with disabilities-who have a lower relative participation in university studies, a lower relative number of graduates, and lower employment rates. Thus, based on the Labor Insertion Survey of University Graduates (EILU-2019) by the Spanish National Institute of Statistics, this study addresses the influence of academic factors on the success of the employability of graduates in Spain, differentiating its effect in the case of people with disabilities. The results show the great importance of work experience during one's studies and a knowledge of ICT to increase the employability and quality of employment among graduates with disabilities. This should become a key aspect of university training to reduce the economic vulnerability of this group.

Economic Evaluation of Emotional and Personal Support in the Health Care of Women with Disabilities.

It is generally accepted that people with disabilities make greater use of health services. Moreover, certain social circumstances alter the intensity of such use. This manuscript seeks to analyze the existing differences in the use of healthcare among women with and without disabilities, to study the impact of emotional and personal support (EPS) on such use and to assess the reduction of the economic cost that this factor entails. Data from the Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS-2017) and updated unit costs of health services have been used to estimate the differences in use attributable to disability and the economic impact of emotional and personal support. The empirical results show an association between disability and perceived EPS, the latter being less common among Spanish women with disabilities. In addition, within this group, EPS significantly influences the levels of use of health services. Finally, the net effect of a perceived EPS increase would translate into a reduction in the economic costs of health care for women with disabilities.

Intimate Partner Violence against Women with Disabilities in Spain: A Public Health Problem.

Violence against women with disabilities is a social problem with important consequences for their physical and mental health. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared violence against women as a public health priority issue in 1996 and the fact that violence is used by the intimate partner and upon women with disabilities exacerbates the situation. Therefore, this is an issue that must be addressed from a public health viewpoint. Violence is studied from various aspects: Physical, psychological, sexual, or social control, and its multiple consequences in women's health and the use of health services. In this perspective, with the data from the VI Violence against Women Macro-survey 2019 (VWM-2019) and adjusted to Spain, this study examines the incidence of intimate partner violence and its consequences in the health of women with disabilities and its impact on health services. Using binary logistic regression, the greater vulnerability of this group to these attacks is stated and the need to address this issue to improve the health of these people is brought to light.

Aprendizajes para las políticas e intervenciones sociales de discapacidad mental. El caso del Servicio de Capacitación Cecap, Toledo, España / Lessons for Policies and Social Interventions on Mental Disabilities. The Case of Training Service Cecap, Toledo, Spain / Aprendizagens para as políticas e intervenes sociais de discapacidade mental. O caso do Servido de Capacitado Cecap, Toledo, Espanha

Objetivos: recoger aprendizajes conceptuales para las iniciativas de discapacidad mental y determinar qué elementos metodológicos de intervención contribuyen mayormente a la inclusión del colectivo. Materiales y métodos: investigación centrada en el caso de Cecap, Toledo-España.¹ Integró herramientas cualitativas (revisión documental y entrevistas a, entre otros, sujetos de intervención) y cuantitativas (ahp datos estudiados con análisis de contenido y estadística. Resultados: la "especificidad" que orienta conceptual y metodológicamente la intervención de Cecap, dialogando con la CIF-OMS, el modelo social y el enfoque de derechos, entiende al colectivo como personas con características específicas y diferenciadas, al igual que personas sin discapacidad. Metodológicamente, trabajar desde planes individuales de intervención, tiene la mayor prioridad para la inclusión. Conclusiones: las políticas e intervenciones debiesen considerar instrumentos que reconozcan las características e intereses específicos de los sujetos como capitales pro inclusión.

Objectives: Collecting conceptual lessons for the initiatives on mental disabilities and determining what methodological interventions elements contribute the most to the inclusion of the group. Materials and Methods: Research focused on the Cacap case, Toledo, Spain². We integrated qualitative tools (review of documentation and interviews performed to intervention subjects, among others), and quantitative tools (ahp), data studied with content analysis. Results: the "specificity" that conceptually and methodologically guides the intervention of Cecap, in dialogue with the CIF-OMS, the social model and the rights approach, understands the group as people with specific and differentiated characteristics, exactly as people without disabilities. Methodologically, working from individual intervention plans has the top priority for inclusion. Conclusions: The policies and interventions should consider instruments that acknowledge the specific characteristics and interests of the subjects as of utmost importance for inclusion.

Objetivos: Coligir aprendizagens conceituais para as iniciativas de discapacidade mental e determinar quais elementos metodológicos de intervencao contribuem maiormente para a inclusao do coletivo. Materiais e métodos: pesquisa centrada no caso de Cecap, Toledo-Espanha.³ Integrou ferramentas qualitativas (revisao documental e entrevistas a, entre outros, sujeitos de intervencao) e quantitativas (ahp), dados estudados com análise de conteúdo. Resultados: a "especificidade" que orienta conceitual e metodologicamente a intervencao de Cecap, dialogando com a cifoms, o modelo social e o enfoque de direitos, entende o coletivo como pessoas com características específicas e diferenciadas, ao igual que pessoas sem discapacidade. Metodologicamente, trabalhar desde planos individuais de intervencao tem a maior prioridade para a inclusao. Conclusoes: as políticas e intervencoes deveriam considerar instrumentos que reconhecessem as características e interesses específicos dos sujeitos como capitais para a inclusao. *Em portugués nao existe o termo discapacidade mas deficiéncia, embora usa-se discapacidade para conservar o significado do termo em espanhol e evitar as implicacoes da deficiéncia ser inerente á pessoa e a discapacidade ser construída socialmente.

Satisfaction with healthcare services among Spanish people with disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Several studies show the relationship between patient satisfaction and quality of health services and also between disabling conditions and healthcare access, but none sufficiently analyze the factors that contribute to satisfaction among patients with disabilities. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESES: The primary aim of this paper is to quantify the impact of social factors, perceived health status and access on satisfaction with healthcare services among Spanish people with disabilities. METHODS: This paper uses data from the European Health Survey 2009 to construct latent variables related to satisfaction, use and health status among Spanish patients with disabilities. Next, partial least squares path modeling is used for quantifying the effects of certain social factors, service use, and health status on patient satisfaction with received healthcare services. RESULTS: Satisfaction with healthcare services among people with disabilities is correlated (Nagelkerke R(2) of 0.175) with certain demographic factors (age, gender and town size), assistance support and patient use of these services. Education level and income were not found to have significant effects. CONCLUSIONS: People with disabilities generally show a high level of satisfaction with healthcare services, influenced by a positive valuation of the differentiated use given their specific care needs. Subjective aspects of care have a notable influence, linked with the perception of the person's own state of health and emotional status, on these positive valuations; patients' individual perceptions can reduce care needs and the use patients make of healthcare services and tend to increase their level of satisfaction with these services when they do seek them.

Impact of social factors on labour discrimination of disabled women.

Disabled women suffer from a double labour discrimination due to their gender and their disability. In rural areas, in addition, they also suffer from a lack of specific services, the isolation of the disabled associations, problems with public transport, the dispersion of population centres, and a limited access to information that could improve their chances of entering the labour market. The current work adopts a constructivist perspective on disability and offers a preliminary examination of the influence of social factors, such as the rural or urban nature of the disabled women's place of residence, the assistance they receive from their family or outside the family, the quantity of information they receive about the labour market, and their educational level, on the activity and employment status of this group of people.