Aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques du diabète de l'enfant à Ngaoundéré (Cameroun) / Clinical presentation and management of childhood diabetes at Ngaoundere City (Cameroon)

Objectif. L'étude visait à évaluer les aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques des enfants diabétiques suivis à l'hôpital régional de Ngaoundéré. Méthodes. Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale rétrospective descriptive conduite du 15 avril au 10 juillet 2021 à l'unité Changing Diabetes In Children (CDIC) de l'Hôpital Régional de Ngaoundéré. Les données sociodémographiques (l'âge, le sexe, la scolarité, la religion), cliniques (indice de masse corporelle, signes cliniques, antécédents familiaux, circonstance de découverte, complications du diabète, durée de la maladie) et thérapeutiques de 26 enfants diabétiques âgés de 8 à 20 ans et régulièrement suivis dans cette unité ont été analysées. Résultats. La population d'étude était constituée de 14 filles (53,8%) et de 12 garçons (46,2%). Les symptômes les plus fréquents observés étaient la polyurie (34,6%), l'amaigrissement et la polydipsie (38,5%). Les complications les plus fréquentes étaient, l'acidocétose (19,2%) lié à l'hyperglycémie chronique et l'hypoglycémie (57,7%) lié au traitement par insulinothérapie. En guise de traitement, 96,1% de ces patients étaient sous un schéma thérapeutique associant au quotidien une injection d'insuline d'action rapide (Actrapid) à deux injections d'insuline d'action intermédiaire (Insulatard ou Mixtard). Le taux moyen d'hémoglobine glyquée (9,27 ± 3,38%) traduisait un mauvais contrôle glycémique dans cette population. La proportion des patients contrôlés, c'est-à-dire, ceux qui avaient un taux d'hémoglobine glyquée inférieure ou égale à 7%, était plus faible chez les garçons (25%) comparés aux filles (42,9%). Conclusion. Nos données interpellent les différents acteurs impliqués dans la prise en charge du diabète de l'enfant, sur la nécessité d'amélioré la qualité de cette prise en charge

Objective. The study aimed at assessing the clinical and therapeutic aspects of diabetic children under follow-up at the Ngaoundere Regional Hospital. Methods. This was a descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study conducted from April 15 to July 10, 2021, at the Changing Diabetes In Children (CDIC) unit of the Ngaoundéré Regional Hospital. Sociodemographic data (age, sex, education, religion), clinical data (body mass index, clinical signs, family history, circumstance of discovery, complications of diabetes, duration of the disease), and therapeutic data of 26 diabetic children aged 8 to 20 and regularly followed in this unit were analyzed. Results. Our study population consisted of 14 girls (53.8%) and 12 boys (46.2%). The most common symptoms observed were polyuria (34.6%), weight loss, and polydipsia (38.5%). The most common complications were ketoacidosis (19.2%) related to chronic hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia (57.7%) related to insulin therapy. By way of treatment, 96.1% of these patients were on a therapeutic regimen combining a daily injection of fast-acting insulin (Actrapid) and two injections of intermediate-acting insulin (Insulatard or Mixtard). The average level of glycated hemoglobin (9.27 ± 3.38%) reflected poor glycemic control in this population. The proportion of controlled patients, that is to say, those who had a glycated hemoglobin level less than or equal to 7%, was lower in boys (25%) compared to girls (42.9%). Conclusion. Our data challenge the various actors involved in the management of childhood diabetes, on the need to improve the quality of this care.

Aqueous Extract from Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Lauraceae) Stem Bark Ameliorates Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers.

Nephropathies and especially nephrotoxicity have become one of the serious causes of life-threatening conditions because of intensive exposure to xenobiotic whether by environmental pollution or by drug abuse. The present study was undertaken to assess the protective effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum stem bark aqueous extract (AECZ) on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. AECZ was prepared by maceration in water and tested orally at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day to prevent gentamicin-induced nephropathies in male Wistar rats. Gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day) was administered for 14 consecutive days by intraperitoneal route, concomitantly with AECZ or silymarin (50 mg/kg/day) used as reference drug. Animal body weight was monitored during the treatment. After the last treatment on the 14th day, animals were sacrificed. Blood was collected for the evaluation of hematological and renal function biomarkers. The homogenate of one kidney was used to assess oxidative stress markers and proinflammatory cytokines, while the other one was fixed in formaldehyde for histopathological studies. Gentamicin decreased body weight, serum total proteins, and calcium level but increased kidneys' relative weight, serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid. Moreover, the levels of reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities were decreased, while an increase in malondialdehyde, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6), and nitrites was observed in the negative control group as compared to normal control. Histological analysis of the kidney revealed the presence of tubular necrosis, glomerular degeneration, and macrophage infiltration in the gentamicin-treated group. All these impairment parameters were prevented by AECZ and silymarin treatments. AECZ has a protective effect against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of this extract may highly contribute to its nephroprotective activity.

Antihypertensive Effects of the Vitex cienkowskii (Verbenaceae) Stem-Bark Extract on L-NAME-Induced Hypertensive Rats.

Vitex cienkowskii stem-bark is used in Cameroonian traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. In previous studies, the methanol/methylene chloride stem-bark extract of Vitex cienkowskii (MMVC) showed a preventive activity in L-NAME-induced hypertension and improved blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. The present study investigated the curative effects in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats (LNHR). Hypertension was induced in rats by oral administration of L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. The animals were divided into 2 groups: one group of 5 rats receiving distilled water (10 ml/kg) and another 20 rats receiving L-NAME. At the end of 4 weeks of administration of L-NAME, the animals were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each: one group of hypertensive rats receiving distilled water, another one receiving captopril (25 mg/kg), and two groups of hypertensive rats receiving MMVC at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Body weight, food, and water intake were measured weekly. At the end of the treatment, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded by invasive method. Whole heart, left ventricle, kidneys, and liver were weighed. The effects of plant extract on lipid profile and oxidative stress markers, as well as markers of hepatic and renal functions were assessed spectrophotometrically according to well described protocols. Results show that L-NAME significantly increases the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), atherogenic index, lipid profile, and creatinine and transaminase activities of normotensive rats. MMVC significantly reduced the blood pressure in LNHR. Body weight, food and water intake, left ventricular hypertrophy, antioxidant level, renal and hepatic markers, and lipid profile were improved by the treatment with MMVC. The curative effect of MMVC on L-NAME-induced hypertension is probably related to its antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant properties. These results confirmed the use of Vitex cienkowskii for the treatment of hypertension in traditional medicine.