CHIME-GP trial of online education for prescribing, pathology and imaging ordering in general practice - how did it bring about behaviour change?

BACKGROUND: There is a need for scalable clinician education in rational medication prescribing and rational ordering of pathology and imaging to help improve patient safety and enable more efficient utilisation of healthcare resources. Our wider study evaluated the effectiveness of a multifaceted education intervention for general practitioners (GPs) in rational prescribing and ordering of pathology and imaging tests, in the context of Australia's online patient-controlled health record system, My Health Record (MHR), and found evidence for measurable behaviour change in pathology ordering among participants who completed the educational activities. This current study explored the mechanisms of behaviour change brought about by the intervention, with a view to informing the development of similar interventions in the future. METHODS: This mixed methods investigation used self-reported questionnaires at baseline and post-education on MHR use and rational prescribing and test ordering. These were analysed using multi-level ordinal logistic regression models. Semi-structured interviews pre- and post-intervention were also conducted and were analysed thematically using the COM-B framework. RESULTS: Of the 106 GPs recruited into the study, 60 completed baseline and 37 completed post-education questionnaires. Nineteen participants were interviewed at baseline and completion. Analysis of questionnaires demonstrated a significant increase in confidence using MHR and in self-reported frequency of MHR use, post-education compared with baseline. There were also similar improvements in confidence across the cohort pre-post education in deprescribing, frequency of review of pathology ordering regimens and evidence-based imaging. The qualitative findings showed an increase in GPs' perceived capability with, and the use of MHR, at post-education compared with baseline. Participants saw the education as an opportunity for learning, for reinforcing what they already knew, and for motivating change of behaviour in increasing their utilisation of MHR, and ordering fewer unnecessary tests and prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS: Our education intervention appeared to provide its effects through providing opportunity, increasing capability and enhancing motivation to increase MHR knowledge and usage, as well as rational prescribing and test ordering behaviour. There were overlapping effects of skills acquisition and confidence across intervention arms, which may have contributed to wider changes in behaviour than the specific topic area addressed in the education. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12620000010998) (09/01/2020).

Randomised trial of general practitioner online education for prescribing and test ordering.

INTRODUCTION: Potentially inappropriate medicine prescriptions and low-value diagnostic testing pose risks to patient safety and increases in health system costs. The aim of the Clinical and Healthcare Improvement through My Health Record usage and Education in General Practice study was to evaluate a scalable online quality improvement intervention, integrating online education regarding a national shared electronic health record and rational prescribing, pathology and imaging ordering by Australian general practitioners (GPs). METHODS: The study was a parallel three-arm randomised trial comprising a prescribing education arm, a pathology education arm and an imaging education arm. Currently practising GPs in Australia were eligible to participate and randomised on a 1:1:1 basis to the study arms after consenting. The response to the intervention in reducing potentially unnecessary medicine prescriptions and tests in each arm was assessed using the other two arms as controls. The primary outcome was the cost per 100 consultations of predefined medication prescriptions, pathology and radiology test ordering 6 months following the intervention, compared with 6 months prior. Outcomes were assessed on intention-to-treat and post hoc per-protocol bases using multilevel regression models, with the analysts blinded to allocation. RESULTS: In total, 106 GPs were enrolled and randomised (prescribing n=35, pathology n=36, imaging n=35). Data were available for 97 GPs at the end of trial (prescribing n=33, pathology n=32, imaging n=32) with 44 fully completing the intervention. In intention-to-treat analysis, there were no significant differences in the rates of change in costs across the three arms. Per protocol, there was a statistically significant difference in the rate of change in pathology costs (p=0.03). In the pathology arm, the rate of increase in pathology costs was significantly lower by $A187 (95% CI -$A340, -$A33) than the prescribing arm, and non-significantly $A9 (95% CI -$A128, $A110) lower than the imaging arm. DISCUSSION: This study provides some evidence for reductions in costs for low-value pathology test ordering in those that completed the relevant online education. The study experienced slow uptake and low completion of the education intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes were not significant for the primary endpoint, which included all participants. Improving completion rates and combining real-time feedback on prescribing or test ordering may increase the overall effectiveness of the intervention. Given the purely online delivery of the education, there is scope for upscaling the intervention, which may provide cost-effectiveness benefits. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12620000010998.

The engagement of older people living with chronic lung disease in a peer support community-based exercise programme: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic lung disease is a common and complex condition. Pulmonary rehabilitation programmes-either hospital-based or in the community are recommended in evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. AIM: To explore the experience of older people with chronic lung disease involved in a peer support community-based exercise maintenance programme. DESIGN AND METHOD: Participants were a part of the Lungs in Action programme run in a local community leisure centre through Lung Foundation Australia. All the programme participants (n = 25) were invited by an independent person through email and/or letter to participate in the study and provided with a participant information and consent form. Participants who returned consent forms were scheduled for group interviews. Participants were recruited over a 2-week period between 30 August and 13 September 2022. We conducted qualitative group interviews using a semi-structured interview guide to explore the experiences of older people living with chronic lung disease. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 14 participants (eight female and six male) aged between 64 and 86 years were interviewed. Three themes emerged from the data: motivation, authentic social engagement, and sustainable achievement. Motivation stemmed from the participants' perceived health benefits, and from the trainers' motivation and encouragement. Participants discussed how sharing experiences created an environment of trust and understanding, fun and friendship. Social engagement and creating authentic relationships were key aspects raised by participants. Feeling more confident in themselves and being able to accomplish physical tasks, making activities of daily living more manageable featured highly in participants' responses. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Community-based peer support exercise groups enable environments for people with chronic lung disease to maintain physical fitness, and to connect with others to form friendships and have fun.

Stress, burnout, and parenting: a qualitative study of general practice registrars.

BACKGROUND: Early career medical professionals experience stress and burnout at higher levels than the wider community. Burnout can arise with competing demands of life and career, which is evident in early career development, where family planning can coincide with specialty training. General practice may be seen as a family friendly career option; however, few studies examine the experience of general practice trainees with stress and burnout and the impact that parenting has on their experience. This study aims to explore the experience of stress and burnout in general practice registrars and the exacerbating and protective factors, with a focus on the experiences of two groups of registrars, those that have children, and those that do not. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted with 14 participants, who were interviewed with questions exploring experiences of stress and burnout. Participants were grouped into those with children and those without children. The transcripts were thematically analysed. RESULTS: Themes were identified as those that contributed to stress and burnout (such as time, financial concerns and isolation) and those factors that reduced stress and burnout (such as support from others and being respected and valued within the workplace). Parenting was identified as both a factor that could contribute to and reduce stress and burnout. CONCLUSIONS: Stress and burnout are important foci for future research and policy to ensure the sustainability of general practice. System based and individual focused policies, including individualising training to support parenting, are required to ensure that registrars are supported through their training years and beyond.

Cluster-randomised trial of the Effectiveness of Quality Incentive Payments in General Practice (EQuIP-GP): Prescribing of medicines outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The Effectiveness of Quality Incentive Payments in General Practice (EQuIP-GP) study investigated whether targeted financial incentives promoting access to a preferred general practitioner, post-hospitalisation follow-up and longer consultations, increase patient-perceived relational continuity in primary care. Secondary outcomes included the use of medicines. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether introducing a general practice-level service model incorporating enrolment and continuous and graded quality improvement incentives influenced the total prescriptions written and potentially inappropriate prescribing of medicines. METHODS: A 12-month cluster-randomised controlled trial, whereby participating patients within intervention practices were offered enrolment with a preferred general practitioner, a minimum of three longer appointments, and review within seven days of hospital admission or emergency department attendance. Control practice patients received usual care. Differences between intervention and control groups pre-post trial for total prescriptions were analysed, as an indicator of polypharmacy, along with prescriptions for four groups of drugs known to have common quality of medicines issues: antibiotics, benzodiazepines, opioids and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). RESULTS: A total of 774 patients, aged 18-65 years with a chronic illness or aged over 65 years, from 34 general practices in metropolitan, regional and rural Australia participated. The mean number of medicine prescriptions per month at baseline was 4.19 (SD 3.27) and 4.34 (SD 3.75) in the control and intervention arms, respectively, with no significant between-group differences in changes pre-post trial and also no significant between-group or within-group differences of prescription rates for antibiotics, benzodiazepines, opioids or PPIs. CONCLUSIONS: Total prescribing volume and the use of key medicines were not influenced by quality-linked financial incentives for offering longer consultations and early post-hospital review for enrolled patients.

Effectiveness of Quality Incentive Payments in General Practice (EQuIP-GP) cluster randomized trial: impact on patient-reported experience.

BACKGROUND: Relational continuity, 'a therapeutic relationship between a patient and provider/s that spans health care events', has been associated with improved patient outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether an intervention incorporating patient enrolment and a funding model for higher-risk patients influenced patient-reported experience measures, particularly relational continuity. METHODS: Cluster-randomized controlled trial over 12 months (1 August 2018-31 July 2019). Participating patients within intervention practices were offered enrolment with a preferred general practitioner, a minimum of 3 longer appointments, and review within 7 days of hospital admission or emergency department attendance. Intervention practices received incentives for longer consultations (dependent on reducing unnecessary prescriptions and tests), early post-hospital follow-up, and hospitalization reductions. The primary outcome was patient-reported relational continuity, measured by the Primary Care Assessment Tool Short Form. RESULTS: A total of 774 patients, aged 18-65 years with a chronic illness or aged over 65 years, from 34 general practices in metropolitan, regional, and rural Australia across 3 states participated. Response rates for questionnaires were >90%. From a maximum of 4.0, mean baseline scores for relational continuity were 3.38 (SE 0.05) and 3.42 (SE 0.05) in control and intervention arms, respectively, with no significant between-group differences in changes pre-post trial. There were no significant changes in other patient-focussed measures. CONCLUSION: Patient-reported relational continuity was high at baseline and not influenced by the intervention, signalling the need for caution with policies incorporating patient enrolment and financial incentives. Further research is required targeting at-risk patient groups with low baseline engagement with primary care.

Relational continuity, 'a therapeutic relationship between a patient and provider/s that spans health care events', has been associated with improved patient outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate whether patient enrolment with a preferred general practitioner (GP) and a funding model for higher-risk patients influenced patient-reported experience measures, particularly relational continuity. The trial was randomized by practice and ran over 12 months (1 August 2018­31 July 2019). Participating patients within intervention practices were offered enrolment with a preferred GP, a minimum of 3 longer appointments, and review within 7 days of hospital discharge. Intervention practices received incentives for longer consultations (with quality improvements), early post-hospital follow-up, and hospitalization reductions. We measured patient experience using the Primary Care Assessment Tool­Short Form at baseline and completion. A total of 774 patients, aged 18­65 years with a chronic illness or aged over 65 years, from 34 general practices in metropolitan, regional, and rural Australia participated. Patient-reported relational continuity was high at baseline and not influenced by the intervention. There were no significant changes in other patient-focussed measures. We advise caution with policies incorporating patient enrolment and financial incentives. Further research is required targeting at-risk patient groups with low baseline engagement with primary care.

Developing indicators and measures of high-quality for Australian general practice.

BACKGROUND: Rising health costs and health inequity are major challenges in Australia, as internationally. Strong primary health care is well evidenced to address these challenges. Primary Health Networks (PHNs) work with general practices to collect data and support quality improvement; however, there is no consensus regarding what defines high quality. This paper describes the development of an evidence-based suite of indicators and measures of high-quality general practice for the Australian context. METHODS: We reviewed the literature to develop a suitable framework and revise quality assurance measures currently in use, then reviewed these in three workshops with general practitioners, practice managers, nurses, consumers and PHN staff in western Sydney. We used a descriptive qualitative research approach to analyse the data. RESULTS: A total of 125 evidence-based indicators were agreed to be relevant, and 80 were deemed both relevant and feasible. These were arranged across a framework based on the Quadruple Aim, and include structure, process and outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: The agreed suite of indicators and measures will be further validated in collaboration with PHNs across Australia. This work has the potential to inform health systems innovation both nationally and internationally.

Development of a COVID-19 virtual community of practice in New South Wales: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In April 2020, a group of general practice leaders in NSW, Australia, established a COVID-19 virtual community of practice (VCoP) to facilitate rapid transfer and implementation of clinical guidance into practice. This research aimed to gain an understanding of the experience and effectiveness of the VCoP from leaders and members. METHOD: The study used a qualitative participatory action research methodology. A framework analysis was applied to focus group discussion, semi-structured interview and open-text written response data. RESULTS: Thirty-six participants contributed data. In addition to a positive evaluation of the effectiveness of information transfer and support, a key finding was the importance of the role of the VCoP in professional advocacy. Areas for improvement included defining measures of success. DISCUSSION: This study has reinforced the potential for VCoPs to aid health crisis responses. In future crisis applications, we recommend purposefully structuring advocacy and success measures at VCoP establishment.

Exploring consumer perspectives about the Health Care Home model of primary care provision: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Australia's health system faces challenges in the management and prevention of chronic disease. Models of primary care delivery, such as the Health Care Home (HCH) model, have been proposed to help meet these challenges. The aim of this study was to explore pre-implementation consumer perspectives of the HCH model. METHOD: Qualitative data were collected from focus groups and semi-structured interviews with 38 general practice patients diversified across rural and urban areas and patient demographics. RESULTS: The qualitative findings revealed that consumers were confused about the name of the model. They were sceptical about potential hidden costs associated with the model and concerned about hidden agendas and where things in general practice are headed. DISCUSSION: The findings indicate that consumers may not readily embrace the HCH model. To aid consumer acceptance, the authors recommend the terminology be clarified and the concepts, financial implications and expected outcomes of the model be clearly communicated.

Undertaking general practice quality improvement to improve cancer screening - a thematic analysis of provider experiences.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a major cause of illness and death, and its incidence and mortality can be reduced through effective screening. In order to improve below target screening rates in one region of Australia, the local Primary Health Network supported local general practices to implement a range of quality improvement initiatives. METHODS: We used a qualitative approach and interviewed 18 general practice staff and five Primary Health Network staff and contractors to understand their experiences with these quality improvement initiatives. RESULTS: In a thematic analysis, we identified four key themes related to program set-up and implementation; patient and community education and promotion; engaging patients and communities in screening; and general practice enhancement. Program roles were clear and understood, and the program received strong oversight and support. Practice staff felt supported and motivated. Information Technology was a challenge for many practices often requiring tailored assistance. Education provided by practices facilitated patient empowerment but practice staff noted difficulties engaging patients in screening. Practices were enhanced though strong leadership and teamwork and practice learning activities. CONCLUSIONS: The tailored evidence-based quality improvement initiatives were considered effective in supporting general practices to increase their cancer screening. Key facilitators reported by participants included use of Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles, enhanced data entry and audit capacity, effective recall and reminder systems and maintaining staff motivation.

Clinical and healthcare improvement through My Health Record usage and education in general practice (CHIME-GP): a study protocol for a cluster-randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There is an international interest in whether improved primary care can lead to a more rational use of health resources. There is evidence that educational interventions can lead to improvements in the quality of rational prescribing and test ordering. A new national platform for shared medical records in Australia, My Health Record (MHR), poses new opportunities and challenges for system-wide implementation. This trial (CHIME-GP) will investigate whether components of a multifaceted education intervention in an Australian general practice setting on rational prescribing and investigation ordering leads to reductions in health-service utilisation and costs in the context of the use of a national digital health record system. METHODS: The trial will be undertaken in Australian general practices. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of components of a web-based educational intervention for general practitioners, regarding rational use of medicines, pathology and imaging in the context of the use of the MHR system. Our target is to recruit 120 general practitioners from urban and regional regions across Australia. We will use a mixed methods approach incorporating a three-arm pragmatic cluster randomised parallel trial and a prospective qualitative inquiry. The effect of each education component in each arm will be assessed, using the other two arms as controls. The evaluation will synthesise the results embedding qualitative pre/post interviews in the quantitative results to investigate implementation of the intervention, clinical behaviour change and mechanisms such as attitudes, that may influence change. The primary outcome will be an economic analysis of the cost per 100 consultations of selected prescriptions, pathology and radiology test ordering in the 6 months following the intervention compared with 6 months prior to the intervention. Secondary outcome measures include the rates per 100 consultations of selected prescriptions, pathology and radiology test ordering 6 months pre- and post-intervention, and comparison of knowledge assessment tests pre- and post-intervention. DISCUSSION: The trial will produce robust health economic analyses on the evidence on educational intervention in reducing unnecessary prescribing, pathology and imaging ordering, in the context of MHR. In addition, the study will contribute to the evidence-base concerning the implementation of interventions to improve the quality of care in primary care practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ACTRN12620000010998 . Registered on 09 January 2020 with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry.

Implementation of a patient centred medical home (PCMH) initiative in general practices in New South Wales, Australia.

BACKGROUND: With an ageing population and an increase in chronic disease burden in Australia, Patient Centred Medical Home (PCMH) models of care have been identified as potential options for primary care reform and improving health care outcomes. Adoption of PCMH models are not well described outside of North America. We examined the experiences of seven general practices in an Australian setting that implemented projects aligned with PCMH values and goals supported by their local Primary Health Network (PHN). METHOD: Qualitative and quantitative data were collected over a twelve month period, including semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and practice data to present a detailed examination of a subject of study; the implementation of PCMH projects in seven general practices. We conducted 49 interviews (24 pre and 25 post) with general practitioners, practice managers, practice nurses and PHN staff. Framework analysis deploying the domains of a logic model was used to synthesis and analyse the data. RESULTS: Facilitators in implementing successful, sustainable change included the capacity and willingness of practices to undertake change; whole of practice engagement with a shared vision towards PCMH change; engaged leadership; training and support; and structures and processes required to provide team-based, data driven care. Barriers to implementation included change fatigue, challenges of continued engaged leadership and insufficient time to implement PCMH change. CONCLUSIONS: Our study examined the experiences of implementing PCMH initiatives in an Australian general practice setting, describing facilitators and barriers to PCMH change. Our findings provide guidance for PHNs and practices within Australia, as well as general practice settings internationally, that are interested in undertaking similar quality improvement projects.

Patient Centred Medical Home (PCMH) transitions in western Sydney, Australia: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Patient Centred Medical Homes (PCMHs), increasingly evidenced to provide high quality primary care, are new to Australia. To learn how this promising new healthcare model works in an Australian setting we explored experiences of healthcare providers in outer urban Sydney, where a number of practices are transitioning from traditional Australian general practice models to incorporate elements of PCMH approaches. METHODS: We collected qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with healthcare providers working in a range of transitioning practices and thematically analysed the data. We interviewed 35 participants including general practitioners, practice managers and practice nurses from 25 purposively sampled general practices in western Sydney, Australia, seeking maximal variation in practice size, patient demographics and type of engagement in practice transformation. RESULTS: Interviewees described PCMH transformation highlighting the importance of whole of practice engagement with a shared vision; key strategies for transformation to PCMH models of care including leadership, training and supportive information technology; structures and processes required to provide team-based, data-driven care; and constraints such as lack of space and the current Australian fee-for-service general practice funding model. They also reported their perceptions of early outcomes of the PCMH model of care, describing enhanced patient and staff satisfaction and also noting fewer hospital admissions, as likely to reduce costs of care. CONCLUSIONS: Our study exploring the experience of early adopters of PCMH models of care in Australia, informs the international movement towards PCMH models of care. Our findings provide guidance for practices considering similar transitions and describe the challenges of such transitions within a fee-for-service payment system.

"In My Culture, We Don't Know Anything About That": Sexual and Reproductive Health of Migrant and Refugee Women.

PURPOSE: Migrant and refugee women are at risk of negative sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes due to low utilisation of SRH services. SRH is shaped by socio-cultural factors which can act as barriers to knowledge and influence access to healthcare. Research is needed to examine constructions and experiences of SRH in non-English-speaking migrant and refugee women, across a range of cultural groups. METHOD: This qualitative study examined the constructions and experiences of SRH among recent migrant and refugee women living in Sydney, Australia, and Vancouver, Canada. A total of 169 women from Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, India, Sri Lanka and South America participated in the study, through 84 individual interviews, and 16 focus groups comprised of 85 participants. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: Three themes were identified: "women's assessments of inadequate knowledge of sexual and reproductive health and preventative screening practices", "barriers to sexual and reproductive health" and "negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes". Across all cultural groups, many women had inadequate knowledge of SRH, due to taboos associated with constructions and experiences of menstruation and sexuality. This has implications for migrant and refugee women's ability to access SRH education and information, including contraception, and sexual health screening, making them vulnerable to SRH difficulties, such as sexually transmissible infections and unplanned pregnancies. CONCLUSION: It is essential for researchers and health service providers to understand socio-cultural constraints which may impede SRH knowledge and behaviour of recent migrant and refugee women, in order to provide culturally safe SRH education and services that are accessible to all women at resettlement irrespective of ethnicity or migration category.

Negotiating Discourses of Shame, Secrecy, and Silence: Migrant and Refugee Women's Experiences of Sexual Embodiment.

In Australia and Canada, the sexual health needs of migrant and refugee women have been of increasing concern, because of their underutilization of sexual health services and higher rate of sexual health problems. Previous research on migrant women's sexual health has focused on their higher risk of difficulties, or barriers to service use, rather than their construction or understanding of sexuality and sexual health, which may influence service use and outcomes. Further, few studies of migrant and refugee women pay attention to the overlapping role of culture, gender, class, and ethnicity in women's understanding of sexual health. This qualitative study used an intersectional framework to explore experiences and constructions of sexual embodiment among 169 migrant and refugee women recently resettled in Sydney, Australia and Vancouver, Canada, from Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Sri Lanka, India, and South America, utilizing a combination of individual interviews and focus groups. Across all of the cultural groups, participants described a discourse of shame, associated with silence and secrecy, as the dominant cultural and religious construction of women's sexual embodiment. This was evident in constructions of menarche and menstruation, the embodied experience that signifies the transformation of a girl into a sexual woman; constructions of sexuality, including sexual knowledge and communication, premarital virginity, sexual pain, desire, and consent; and absence of agency in fertility control and sexual health. Women were not passive in relation to a discourse of sexual shame; a number demonstrated active resistance and negotiation in order to achieve a degree of sexual agency, yet also maintain cultural and religious identity. Identifying migrant and refugee women's experiences and constructions of sexual embodiment are essential for understanding sexual subjectivity, and provision of culturally safe sexual health information in order to improve well-being and facilitate sexual agency.

Experiences and Constructions of Menarche and Menstruation Among Migrant and Refugee Women.

Experiences and constructions of menarche and menstruation are shaped by the sociocultural environment in which women are embedded. We explored experiences and constructions of menarche and menstruation among migrant and refugee women resettled in Sydney, Australia, and Vancouver, Canada. Seventy-eight semistructured individual interviews and 15 focus groups comprised of 82 participants were undertaken with women from Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Sri Lanka, and varying South American countries. We analyzed the data using thematic decomposition, identifying the overall theme "cycles of shame" and two core themes. In "becoming a woman," participants constructed menarche as a marker of womanhood, closely linked to marriage and childbearing. In "the unspeakable," women conveyed negative constructions of menstruation, positioning it as shameful, something to be concealed, and polluting. Identifying migrant and refugee women's experiences and constructions of menarche and menstruation is essential for culturally safe medical practice, health promotion, and health education.