RESUMO
Carpal ligament instabilities are conditions in which the individual carpal bones have become unstable due to abnormal ligament support. Early diagnosis of ligamentous wrist instabilities is important because late diagnosis or failed diagnosis may lead to severe complications such as osteoarthritis. This article reviews the most common ligamentous instability patterns of the wrist and focuses on how to perform and obtain radiograms which will allow reliable diagnosis of wrist instabilities.
Assuntos
Instabilidade Articular/diagnóstico por imagem , Ligamentos Articulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Punho/diagnóstico por imagem , Algoritmos , Humanos , RadiografiaRESUMO
Functional anatomy is fundamental for understanding motion in the ankle joint. Biomechanical studies try to evaluate the forces and torque affecting biological tissue under various conditions and therefore the cause and effects of disorders of joint structures. Conclusions based on this research permit preventive arrangements to reduce force and risk of injury to the joints. Biomechanical models describe the function of joint movements. A knowledge of biomechanical models may affect therapy management of patients with joint disorders. For the radiologist the results of this basic research are of major importance. Knowledge of pathological joint movements allows more accurate diagnosis of complex disorders or injuries of the ankle joint and structural alterations in bony or soft tissue structures, as demonstrated by MRI. In this article, we summarize the results of functional anatomy and biomechanics of the ankle joint reported in the literature.
Assuntos
Articulação do Tornozelo/fisiopatologia , Amplitude de Movimento Articular/fisiologia , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/patologia , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/fisiopatologia , Articulação do Tornozelo/patologia , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Marcha/fisiologia , Humanos , Artropatias/patologia , Artropatias/fisiopatologia , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
The three dimensional (3D) in vivo kinematic behavior of the ankle joint was evaluated using spiral volumetric CT scanning of a normal adult foot. The CT data were reconstructed and interpolated to create an isotropic 3D data volume. These data were rendered, visualized, segmented into their bony elements, labeled, and exported to disk using Mayo Analyze software. The labeled 3D CT datasets were analyzed to determine relative orientation, translation, and rotation of the tibia-talus, tibia-calcaneus and calcaneus-talus. Using these results, the 3D motion characteristics during normal adult foot flexion/extension were described quantitatively.
