Palliative care education in gynecologic oncology: a survey of the fellows.

INTRODUCTION: Gynecologic oncologists regularly care for patients at the end of life, yet little is known about their training or preparedness to deal with issues of palliative care. We sought to examine the training provided to gynecologic oncology fellows as well as their perceived preparedness to provide palliative care. METHODS: A self-administered survey was distributed to all fellows enrolled in all gynecologic oncology fellowships during the 2009 academic year. The instrument assessed attitudes, training, experience, and preparedness regarding caring for patients at the end of life. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS: Sixty-one percent (103/168) of fellows completed the survey. Most (89%) feel that palliative care is integral to their training, but few (11%) have had any palliative care training, including either a rotation or fellowship. Using a scale of 1-10, fellows rated teaching quality on two common training opportunities, specifically managing postoperative complications (7.8) and endometrial cancer patients (8.7), as significantly higher than teaching on managing patients at the end of life (5.5; p<0.001). Fellows rated the quality of end of life teaching as significantly lower than overall teaching (55% vs. 92%; p=0.001). Their self-assessment regarding overall preparedness to deal with end of life issues was associated with higher end of life teaching quality and experience caring for more than 10 dying patients. CONCLUSIONS: The quantity and quality of training in palliative care are lower compared to other common procedural and oncological issues. Gynecologic oncology fellowship programs need to incorporate a palliative care training curriculum.

Universal prenatal HIV screening: are we there yet?

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with prenatal HIV screening and the availability of HIV test results in medical records in Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Three hundred postpartum women were surveyed about demographics and prenatal care provider(s) and practice setting and were asked to recall prenatal HIV screening and reasons for accepting or declining a HIV test. Medical records were reviewed for documentation of HIV results. Overall, 65% of women reported screening. White race, higher annual household income and fewer lifetime sexual partners were independently associated with decreased likelihood of prenatal HIV screening. Provider presentation of screening as standard practice and provider encouragement were associated with prenatal HIV screening. Only 38% of medical records contained HIV results at the time of labour. Universal and routine offering of prenatal HIV screening as standard practice, in conjunction with encouragement from health-care providers, may increase patient acceptability and the uptake of prenatal HIV screening.

Hormonal contraceptive use modulates the local inflammatory response to bacterial vaginosis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare cervical concentrations of numerous cytokines/chemokines in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) compared with the levels detected after BV resolution and determine if hormonal contraceptive use modulates the local inflammatory response to BV. METHODS: Cervical secretions from 81 women with BV at enrollment and normal flora at one-month follow-up were analysed for 10 different cytokines/chemokines using multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassays. RESULTS: BV was associated with significantly higher concentrations of IL-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 compared with the levels detected in the presence of normal vaginal flora. Analysis of results stratified by contraceptive practice demonstrated significantly lower levels of numerous cytokines among women with BV using hormonal contraceptives compared with those women with BV not using hormonal contraceptives. Hormonal contraceptive use was also associated with a statistically significant lesser change in TNF levels between the two study visits compared with the amount of change detected between visits among women who denied their use. CONCLUSIONS: Despite increases in the levels of both pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the lower genital tract of women with BV, the overall balance of these two types of molecules was maintained. The character of this local inflammatory response may help explain the typical absence of overt signs of inflammation among women with BV. In addition, hormonal contraceptive use was associated with significantly lower levels of the pro-inflammatory molecules TNF, interferon-gamma, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in women with BV, but did not significantly reduce the levels of IL-10, a key anti-inflammatory cytokine. These results suggest the possibility of an association between hormonal contraceptive use and altered genital tract immunity.

Susceptibility of vaginal bacteria to metronidazole and tinidazole.

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 470 vaginal isolates from women with bacterial vaginosis and three species of Lactobacillus, to metronidazole and tinidazole using the agar dilution method. There was no significant difference observed in the inhibitory activity of either drug to any of the isolates tested.

Microbiologic response to treatment of bacterial vaginosis with topical clindamycin or metronidazole.

To compare the frequencies, concentrations, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of vaginal microbes isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) before and after therapy, 119 nonpregnant women aged 18 to 45 with clinical and Gram stain evidence of BV were randomized to receive intravaginal clindamycin or metronidazole. Vaginal swabs were collected at baseline and 7 to 12 days, 35 to 45 days, and 70 to 90 days following therapy for quantitative vaginal culture. For the 99 women completing all four visits, statistical analyses were performed comparing differences in vaginal microflora between the two treatment arms and between visits in the same treatment group. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the agar dilution method was performed for anaerobic gram-negative rods. Although both therapies resulted in decreased colonization by Gardnerella vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis, only metronidazole treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the frequency and concentration of Prevotella bivia and black-pigmented Prevotella species. Of the 865 anaerobic gram-negative rods evaluated for susceptibility, only 3 (0.3%) were resistant to metronidazole, whereas clindamycin resistance increased significantly for P. bivia and black-pigmented anaerobic gram-negative rods persisting following clindamycin therapy. Clindamycin-resistant subpopulations of P. bivia and black-pigmented Prevotella species emerged 7 to 12 days after therapy even among women colonized initially by clindamycin-susceptible strains. These resistant subpopulations persisted at high frequencies (42 to 50%) 70 to 90 days following therapy. The two topical agents for treatment of BV have differing microbiologic effects on the vaginal microflora. The emergence of clindamycin-resistant anaerobic gram-negative rods following therapy is of concern.

Impact of menopause on collagen subtypes in the arcus tendineous fasciae pelvis.

OBJECTIVE: The arcus tendineous fasciae pelvis (ATFP) provides support to the anterior vagina. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of menopause on the structural components of the ATFP. STUDY DESIGN: Biopsy specimens of the ATFP were obtained from 10 premenopausal, 5 postmenopausal, and 12 postmenopausal women on hormone therapy. Scanning confocal microscopy of fluorescent micrographs was used to define the amount of collagen subtypes, smooth muscle, and elastin. Collagen fiber orientation was determined by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The ATFP is comprised primarily of parallel bundles of type III collagen fibers (84%), an intermediate amount of elastin (13%), and very little smooth muscle. The ratio of collagen I/(III+V) was decreased in postmenopausal not on hormones relative to premenopausal women (P=.04) due to a 75% decrease in collagen I (P=.046). The decrease in collagen I and change in collagen ratios was not present in women on hormone therapy. Comparison of the amounts of elastin and smooth muscle showed no difference in the ATFP of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. CONCLUSION: Menopause in the absence of hormone therapy is associated with a decrease in quantity of collagen I in the ATFP resulting in a decrease in the ratio of collagen I/(III+V). This may compromise the tensile strength and an increase susceptibility to anterior vaginal wall prolapse.

Vasopressin during abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if the use of vasopressin during abdominal hysterectomy would decrease blood loss. METHODS: Fifty-one patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy with the diagnosis of leiomyomatous uterus were randomized and received either vasopressin 10 units/10 mL of normal saline or 10 mL of normal saline, injected 5 mL bilaterally, 1 cm medial to the uterine vessels into the lower uterine segment. The sample size was determined assuming a one-third reduction in total blood loss would be clinically relevant. A power analysis determined that 25 patients would be required in each group to assure a power of 0.80, at the.05 significance level. RESULTS: Overall, the two groups were very similar with regard to their demographics, preoperative diagnosis, and relevant findings at the time of surgery. The mean total blood loss in the vasopressin and placebo groups was 445.41 mL and 748.42 mL, respectively. Total blood loss was significantly decreased by 40% in the vasopressin group compared with the placebo group (P <.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with respect to possible confounding variables or surgical complications. CONCLUSION: Injection of vasopressin into the uterus at the time of abdominal hysterectomy significantly reduces blood loss without increasing morbidity. We have shown that it is a useful adjunct during abdominal hysterectomy.

Ampicillin susceptibilities of vaginal and placental isolates of group B streptococcus and Escherichia coli obtained between 1992 and 1994.

Vaginal group B streptococcus (GBS) and Escherichia coli isolates were tested for their susceptibilities to ampicillin. All 414 GBS isolates tested were susceptible to ampicillin; the MIC at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC90) was 0.125 microg/ml, and the range was 0.06 to 0.25 microg/ml. The MIC50 for the 342 E. coli isolates tested was 4.0 microg/ml, and 27% were resistant to ampicillin.