Sociodemographic factors associated with immediate puerperal control: A cross-sectional study based on the Peruvian demographic and health survey, 2019.

Introduction: Peru is the fifth country in Latin America with the highest maternal mortality. In Peru, immediate puerperal control (IPC) was established in 2013 as a measure to improve postnatal control, with a view in reducing maternal mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and sociodemographic factors associated with compliance with IPC in Peru, 2019. Methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study based on the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES, for its acronym in Spanish) of Peru, 2019. The dependent variable was compliance with IPC (control in the first 2 h) in women aged 15-49 years who had delivered within the last five years preceding the survey. To evaluate the associated factors, Poisson family generalized linear models were used to calculate crude (cPR) and adjusted (aPR) prevalence ratios, with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Data from 11,854 women were analyzed. The frequency of IPC was 59.6% (95%CI: 58.3-60.9). We found a lower proportion of IPC in urban areas (58.8%) and in the highlands (57%) and jungle (57.2%) of Peru. Residing in rural areas (aPR:1.13; 95%CI:1.08-1.19), having undergone appropriate antenatal care (ANC) (aPR:1.05; 95%CI:1.01-1.10) and having delivered a low-birth-weight newborn (aPR:1.20; 95%CI:1.12-1.29) were associated with a higher frequency of IPC, while living in the highlands (aPR:0.86; 95%CI:0.80-0.92) or jungle (aPR:0.86; 95%CI:0.80-0.92) was associated with a lower frequency of IPC. Conclusions: Approximately four out of ten women did not have IPC. There was a lower proportion of IPC in urban areas and in the highland and jungle regions.

Environmental radiological baseline in unconventional oil and gas areas of Mexico.

Environmental radioactivity study was performed in unconventional hydrocarbons areas for the first time in Mexico, where four unconventional hydrocarbon exploratory wells (UHEW) are planned. This study assesses natural radiological conditions in areas around UHEW. Equivalent dose rate distribution displayed in Geographic Information System (GIS) had a maximum of 1.83 mSv a-1 and minimum of 0.04 mSv a-1, GIS was also used for introducing land usage, water resources and population occupancy. Measurements of gross alpha and gross beta in water were below the national permissible limits for drinking water 0.5 and 1.0 Bq L-1 respectively, even though samples do not correspond to drinking water. Evaluation of 238U and 226Ra in groundwater were below minimum detectable concentration 1.3 and 1.0 Bq L-1, respectively. This study provides a radiological baseline for the impact of future industrial activities, especially if exploitation of unconventional hydrocarbons produces naturally occurring radioactive material.

Enhancing Thermomechanical Strength and Thermal Stability of Poly(dicyclopentadiene) Composites through Cost-Effective Fly Ash Reinforcement for Structural and Impact Applications.

Poly(dicyclopentadiene) (poly-DCPD) is a thermoset with potential for high-performance applications. In this research, epoxy resin was blended with different concentrations of fly ash class F particles at 0.0, 1.0, 10.0, and 50.0 wt.%, aiming to improve its use as a high-volume structural material by decreasing costs and reducing its negative environmental impact through using fly ash particles. A planetary Thinky mixer was used to initially mix the resin with the curing agent, followed by incorporating a Grubbs catalyst. The microstructures were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), where particles were found to be homogeneously distributed over the polymer matrix. The thermomechanical behavior was evaluated via curing, compression, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Nanoindentation tests were also conducted. Fly ash was found to decelerate the curing of the resin through the release of calcium ions that enhanced the exothermic reaction.

Improving interfacial shear strength of fique fibres using an acrylic coating.

Natural fibres have proven to be a potential alternative to replace synthetic fibres in some composite materials applications. However, drawbacks such as impregnation difficulties and the poor fibre-matrix interface limit the use of natural fibres in high-performance applications. This work proposes using an acrylic resin to coat the fibre surface to enhance the interfacial compatibility among fique fibres and polyester resin. Pull-out tests revealed an improvement in the interfacial shear strength of about 110% for coated fibres. Furthermore, nanoindentation test, Micro Raman spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscopy indicated that the acrylic resin eliminates the gap at the fibre/matrix interface seen in the uncoated fibres. Observed behaviour could be attributed to a better chemical bonding between the fibre and matrix and is also hypothesised that the elastic characteristic of the coating helps to transfer loads effectively from the matrix to the fibre.

Antidiabetic and Toxicological Effects of the Tea Infusion of Summer Collection from Annona cherimola Miller Leaves.

Annona cherimola Miller (Ac) is a plant used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes. In this work, the tea infusion extracts obtained from 1.5 g of leaf powder from Ac collected in May (AcMa), June (AcJun), July (AcJul), and August (AcAu) were evaluated on streptozocin-induced diabetic (STID) mice and for subchronic toxicity in STID and non-diabetic (ND) mice. In addition, extracts were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Results showed that the tea infusion extract of the sample collected in August (AcAu) exhibited the most significant antihyperglycemic activity during all acute assays. The analysis of the extracts (AcMa, AcJu, AcJul, and AcAu) by HPLC-DAD revealed that flavonoid glycosides, rutin, narcissin, and nicotiflorin were the major components. In addition, the sample AcAu contained the best concentration of flavonoids. In the case of subchronic oral toxicity, the AcAu sample did not cause mortality in STID mice, and histopathological analysis revealed significant improvement in the changes associated with diabetes in the liver and kidneys. These findings suggest that the Ac leaves collected in August may be a source of flavonoids such as rutin, with antidiabetic potential. In addition, these findings support the use of Ac to treat diabetes in traditional medicine.

Phthalates in the diet of Mexican children of school age. Risk analysis.

Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers, additives, or solvents. Its extensive use has generated environmental and food contamination, which implies continuous population exposure. The aim of this work was to determine the probability of health risk of Mexican children exposed to phthalates through the consumption of contaminated food. A survey was applied to 384 Mexican school-age children (between 6 and 12 years old), to find out the type of food they eat most frequently, based on this, a research was made to know the concentration of phthalates contained in these foods. The daily intake had been calculated with the concentration of phthalates reported in food, obtaining: DEHP (19.50 µg/kg body weight/day), DnBP (5.52 µg/kg body weight/day) y for DEP (1.12 µg/kg body weight/day). The hazard index (HI) for DEP y DEHP was 0.49 to 42.5 for internal organs damage reported. HI for reproductive health damage due to exposure to DnBT and DEHP was of 0.04 to 5.58, so that there is a high probability that children's health is at risk. Therefore, it is necessary to a quantitative analysis of phthalates in food consumed in Latin American countries and establish the TDI of phthalates especially, to DEHP, which was obtained the higher HI.

Multifunctionalized biocatalytic P22 nanoreactor for combinatory treatment of ER+ breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Tamoxifen is the standard endocrine therapy for breast cancers, which require metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP). However, the lower and variable concentrations of CYP activity at the tumor remain major bottlenecks for the efficient treatment, causing severe side-effects. Combination nanotherapy has gained much recent attention for cancer treatment as it reduces the drug-associated toxicity without affecting the therapeutic response. RESULTS: Here we show the modular design of P22 bacteriophage virus-like particles for nanoscale integration of virus-driven enzyme prodrug therapy and photodynamic therapy. These virus capsids carrying CYP activity at the core are decorated with photosensitizer and targeting moiety at the surface for effective combinatory treatment. The estradiol-functionalized nanoparticles are recognized and internalized into ER+ breast tumor cells increasing the intracellular CYP activity and showing the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon UV365 nm irradiation. The generated ROS in synergy with enzymatic activity drastically enhanced the tamoxifen sensitivity in vitro, strongly inhibiting tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS: This work clearly demonstrated that the targeted combinatory treatment using multifunctional biocatalytic P22 represents the effective nanotherapeutics for ER+ breast cancer.

Still's Disease in a Pediatric Patient after Liver Transplantation.

Still's disease (SD) is a multisystemic inflammatory disease characterized by persistent arthritis and in many cases with fever of unknown origin. Diagnosis of SD is challenging because of nonspecific characteristics and especially in the case of a patient with solid organ transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy where multiple causes of fever are possible. There is no diagnostic test for SD, even though some useful diagnostic criteria or laboratory findings, such as serum ferritin levels, have been proposed, and useful imaging studies for the diagnosis or followup of SD have not been developed. We report the case of a 9-year-old child who presented with high grade fever associated with joint pain after a history of liver transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy. Laboratory tests showed increased acute phase reactants, elevated ferritin, and leukocytosis. An 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) was performed identifying abnormal hypermetabolic areas localized in spleen, transplanted liver, and bone marrow secondary to inflammatory process. All infectious, autoimmune, and malignant causes were ruled out. A diagnosis of SD was performed and a steroid-based regimen was initiated with adequate response and no evidence of recurrence. To our knowledge this is the first case of SD following a solid organ transplant.

New focus of active transmission of Chagas disease in indigenous populations in the Peruvian Amazon basin.

INTRODUCTION: Several cases of acute Chagas disease (ACD) have been reported in the Peruvian Amazon basin. METHODS: The objective was to describe and investigate 6 ACD cases in children from indigenous Amazon communities in the province of Datem del Marañón in Loreto department (2006-2010). RESULTS: The mean age was 3.6 years. All patients had fever, 4/6 hepatomegaly, 2/6 splenomegaly, and 5/6 had trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi on thick smears. The fatality rate was 33.3%. Rhodnius pictipes and Rhodnius robustus adults were found inside the homes and in the peri-domiciles. CONCLUSIONS: All cases reported were isolated cases. We report a new focus of ACD in indigenous populations.

New focus of active transmission of Chagas disease in indigenous populations in the Peruvian Amazon basin

Introduction Several cases of acute Chagas disease (ACD) have been reported in the Peruvian Amazon basin. Methods The objective was to describe and investigate 6 ACD cases in children from indigenous Amazon communities in the province of Datem del Marañón in Loreto department (2006-2010). Results The mean age was 3.6 years. All patients had fever, 4/6 hepatomegaly, 2/6 splenomegaly, and 5/6 had trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi on thick smears. The fatality rate was 33.3%. Rhodnius pictipes and Rhodnius robustus adults were found inside the homes and in the peri-domiciles. Conclusions All cases reported were isolated cases. We report a new focus of ACD in indigenous populations. .

Correlación entre características mamográficas y resultados anatomopatológicos de lesiones no palpables de pacientes con cáncer de mama. Lima - Perú / Correlation between mammographic characteristics and anatomical pathological results of non-palpable lesions of patients with breast cancer. Lima - Peru

OBJETIVO: El objetivo principal del presente estudio es describir las características radiológicas de las lesiones no palpables de mama y determinar su relación con el estudio anatomopatológico en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins. METODOLOGIA: El tipo de estudio fue observacional-analítico, retrospectivo de corte transversal, cuyo número de muestra fue constituido por las historias clínicas de 159 pacientes con lesiones clínicamente no palpables detectadas por mamografía y confirmadas por biopsia quirúrgica. Se elaboro una ficha de recolección en la que se incluían las características poblacionales, mamográficas y de anatomía patológica de las pacientes. Posteriormente, se creó una base de datos sobre la cual se realizo el análisis aplicando la prueba de Chi-cuadrado y Odds Ratio, según fuera conveniente. RESULTADOS: La cantidad de pacientes estudiadas fue de 159 cuya media de edad fue de 58 +/- 7.9 años. Se hallo que 93.1 por ciento de los casos correspondían a la categoría BIRADS 4.27 por ciento de las pacientes fueron diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama. En cuanto a las lesiones la ubicación lateral más frecuente fue la mama izquierda (56 por ciento) sobre el cuadrante superior externo (36.5 por ciento). La lesión que se hallaba con más frecuencia fue la microcalcificacíón, en 89.9 por ciento de los casos, cuya distribución se concentraba entre las de tipo lineal y grupal con 37.1 por ciento de los casos en cada una, 50 por ciento eran de tipo amorfa, 45.5 por ciento se presentaban en número de menos de 10 por cm2. Las masas correspondían al 23.9 por ciento de los casos, la forma oval es la que mas predominaba con 34.2 por ciento de los casos y el tamaño menor a 1 cm. con 63.2 por ciento de los casos. La distorsión de la arquitectura tenía una frecuencia del 15.1 por ciento. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa para la prueba de Chi-cuadrado entre los casos de Efecto de masa y Cáncer de mama (p=0.17), se calculo la asociación para estas variables con un valor de OR = 2.5 IC (), lo cual indica que las pacientes con evidencia mamográfica de masa tienen 2.5 veces más riesgo de desarrollar Cáncer de mama que las que no lo presentan. CONCLUSION: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los casos de efecto de masa y cáncer de mama; se calculo que existe un riesgo doblemente mayor de padecer cáncer de mama en aquellas pacientes que presentan masas en la mamografía

Inhibition of cholinesterase activity by soil extracts and predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) to select relevant pesticides in polluted soils.

The correlation of predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) with cholinesterase activity inhibition detected in soil extracts was determined. PEC was derived from organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CA) compounds applied to a flower crop area. Samples of surface soil (0 - 30 cm in depth) and subsurface soil (30 to 60 cm in depth) were taken from a flower crop area in which OP pesticides such as acephate ((RS)-N-[methoxy(methylthio)phosphinoyl]acetamide), dimethoate (2-dimethoxyphosphinothioylthio-N-methylacetamide) and methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate), and CA pesticides such as carbendazim (methyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate), carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) and methomyl (S-methyl (EZ)-N-(methylcarbamoyloxy) thioacetimidate) were applied for two years. Weekly loads of these pesticides were registered to estimate the annual load of each compound. Physicochemical analysis and relative inhibition of cholinesterasic activity were measured for each soil sample. PEC values were estimated with Pesticide Analytical Model (PESTAN), a leach model, for each pesticide using soil sample data obtained from physicochemical analysis. From all pesticides tested, only acephate and methomyl showed a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between PEC values and inhibition cholinesterase activity of soil extracts. These results suggest that inhibition of cholinesterase activity observed in soil extracts is produced mainly by these two pesticides. Further studies could be developed to measure acephate and methomyl concentrations to reduce their environmental impact.

Physicochemical and biological combined treatment applied to a food industry wastewater for reuse.

The aim of this study was to improve the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) efficiency of a food industry. Despite the anaerobic-aerobic treatment, the efficiency of the plant is poor because of the high pollutants load derived mainly from the use of disinfectants and sanitizers. These cleaning products are used in the production process. In order to achieve the main goal of the study, the pollutants load reduction was targeted and a physicochemical treatment was added for that purpose. For this effort, the tests were divided in three parts. The first consisted of performing coagulation-flocculation laboratory tests to select the best chemical reagent for reduction of the high load of pollutants present in the influent. The evaluated compounds were ferric chloride, aluminum sulphate, hydroxychloride of aluminum (AHC) and polyaluminum sulphate (PAS). The second was a pilot plant study in which physicochemical and biological treatment werecombined. Finally processes were verified in the WWTP characterizing the effluent and evaluating the process for compliance with standards for reuse water. The results showed that the best coagulant was hidroxichloride of aluminium. Improving the relationship Chemical Oxygen Demand/ Biological Oxygen Demand (COD/BOD(5)) of 0.27 to 0.45 and getting a dose of 1 to 5 mg L(- 1) in the laboratory, which improved to make scaling to plant 0.5 to 2 mg L(- 1) with efficiencies removal of contaminants 98% for COD, 95% for BOD(5), 99% for O&G, to 99% for TSS and helminth eggs were not detect. The wastewater was characterized with cyclic voltammetry and the sludge produced with AHC was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersion spectroscopy (EDS).

Toxicity assessment of a complex industrial wastewater using aquatic and terrestrial bioassays Daphnia pulex and Lactuca sativa.

Aquatic and terrestrial bioassays were used to assess toxicity at several stages in an industrial wastewater treatment plant that processes 400 L/s from a complex influent formed by wastewater from 135 industries. Daphnia pulex and Lactuca sativa were used to assess and compare toxicity between the influent wastewater and effluent wastewater from an activated sludge process, and compare their relationship with physicochemical parameters of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD); Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Total Suspended Solids (TSS); total Nitrogen (N (N-total)), and ammonia Nitrogen (N (N - NH3)). Samples from the primary clarifiers (PC), mix liquor stage (ML) and secondary clarifiers (SC) were processed using physicochemical and bioassay test. Toxicity results with Daphnia pulex showed decreased mean values of acute Toxic Units (a.T.U.) between PC (2.1 a.T.U.) and SC (1,25 a.T.U.). Lactuca sativa showed high values of toxicity between PC and SC (3.37 and 3.32 a.T.U. respectively). Some samples exhibited higher toxicity values at the effluent stage (SC) than the influent stage (PC). The highest correlations of physicochemical properties with toxicity were obtained with COD and nitrogen compounds in effluent samples (SC), but not with influent samples (PC).

Sobrevida del paciente y del injerto renal: receptores de trasplante renal en el Hospital de San José de 1996 a 2004 / Patient survival and renal graft: kidney transplant recipients at the Hospital of San José from 1996 to 2004

Es un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de los pacientes con falla renal terminal sometidos a trasplante renal en el Hospital de San José entre 1996 y 2004. Se analizaron las características clínicas y quirúrgicas y su relación con la sobrevida de los receptores y del injerto a cinco años, usando los métodos univariado, bivariado, de frecuencia y una curva de probabilidad de sobrevida. 110 pacientes recibieron un trasplante renal en el hospital durante este lapso y se obtuvo información de 102 de ellos. El promedio de edad fue 35.53 años con desviación estándar (DE) de 13.25 años, la distribución por género fue 53,9% de hombres y 46.1% mujeres. El tipo de donante fue vivo 13,7% y cadavérico 86,3%. Hubo una tasa de sobrevida de los receptores a cinco años del 86,28% (88 pacientes) y el 92,85% de las muertes ocurrieron en los dos primeros meses. La tasa de sobrevida del injerto a cinco años fue del 70% según los datos analizados en 85 pacientes. Consideramos que el retardo de la función del injerto, el rechazo agudo y la influencia del cambio en los esquemas inmunosupresores debe analizarse puntualmente. Además, se puede desarrollar un sistema de pareamiento de los injertos según la masa metabólica del paciente, la edad y la función previa entre donadores y receptores, para evaluar su influencia en la función del injerto.

El hábito de fumar en pacientes con periodontitis: características clínicas / The smoking habit in patients with periodontitis: clinical characteristics

Este estudio fue de tipo descriptivo comparativo correlacional, con un diseño no experimental. El objetivo fue identificar las características clínicas del periodonto de pacientes fumadores con periodontitis que asistían a la Facultad de Odontología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. La población del estudio incluyó pacientes de posgrado, fumadores y no fumadores, con periodontitis, sin tratamiento previo, que aistieron a la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Javeriana en el año 1996 y el primer semestre de 1997. El estudio se realizó con 115 pacientes a los que se les observaron las características clínicas periodontales, se les aplicó una encuesta con el fin de identificar los que presentaban el hábito de fumar y, posteriormente, se compararon los datos entre los pacientes fumadores y no fumadores. Se aplicaron pruebas de estadística descriptiva que incluyeron medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. Se encontró que el hábito de fumar incluye principalmente en la profundidad de la bolsa, la pérdida ósea, la pérdida de nivel de inserción clínica y la hemorragia. El hábito de fumar no influye sobre el porcentaje de placa bacteriana, ya que en los pacientes fumadores se encontró una menor proporción de ésta en relación con los no fumadores