RESUMO
In diabetes, microvascular damage often targets the kidney, making them the most crucial organ affected. Due to the disease itself or other accompanying health issues such as hypertension and nephron loss due to aging, a significant number of patients end up with kidney disease. The current research aimed to analyze the concentration of cytokines in the serum (Interleukin [IL]-18, IL-17a and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) in Iraqi adult patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The current investigation was carried out in Tikrit Teaching Hospital/Salahaddin governorate for the time from October 2022 to January 2023. Sixty blood specimens were obtained from patients with DKD. Serum levels of IL-18, IL-17a, and TGF-ß markers in the samples were subjected to measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results of the present study showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among different age categories of clinical populations with 51-60 and >60 years scoring highest (28% and 33%), whereas 21-30 and 31-40 years scored (8.3% and 13.3%). The concentration of IL-18, IL-17a, and TGF-ß markers was high in patients (200.30 ± 59.50, 102.13 ± 50.82, and 57.15 ± 18.90) than in healthy individuals (104.50 ± 31.01, 42.90 ± 10.55, and 31.90 ± 8.83). Based on the Pearson's correlation results, IL-17a had a significant negative correlation with TGF-ß (r = -0.270* Sig. =0.037). Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curve showed the IL-18, IL-17a, and TGF-ß markers scored the highest sensitivity (98%, 96%, and 87%) and specificity (94%, 97%, and 80%), respectively, in screening patients with DKD. Based on the analysis, it could be inferred that disease intensity generally tends to worsen with an increase in age. IL-18, IL-17a, and TGF-ß are good prognostic markers in screening patients with DKD. These cytokines present a promising target for therapeutic interventions in DKD therapy.
RESUMO
Chronic renal failure is a deficiency and failure in the excretory function of the kidneys, which causes a general imbalance in the body by retaining and accumulating nitrogenous waste and harmful substances as a result of metabolic reactions. Other functions of the kidneys, such as the regulation of fluids and electrolytes, may also be affected. This study's primary purpose is to estimate some parameters in the serum of chronic renal failure patients. Data and blood samples were obtained from 90 patients with chronic renal failure and 50 healthy volunteers for this cross-sectional study, conducted between 11 April and 26 July 2022. The results of this study show a considerable rise in the level of renin enzyme in patients (4.824±0.045) compared to the control (2.86±0.39), a high level of ALT in patients (19.56±8.13) compared to the control (11.24±0.98), high level of ALP in patients (95.34±67.71) compared to the control (38.81±5.14), high level of AST in patients (25.33±8.63) compared to the control (11.58±0.94), low level of albumin in patients with chronic renal failure (3.12±0.44) compared to the control (3.90±0.49), high level of globulin in patients with chronic renal failure (8.34±0.68) compared to the control (3.01±0.41), low level of calcium in patients with chronic renal failure (1.731±0.053) compared to the control (2.510±0.063), high level of potassium in the serum of patients with chronic renal failure (6.256±0.068) compared to the control (4.513±0.22), low level of sodium in patients with chronic renal failure (119.82±2.15) compared to the control group (143.76±2.11). According to this study, all physiological systems are significantly impacted by chronic renal failure. According to the results, chronic renal failure affects several electrolytes and liver function tests and causes a considerable increase in renin levels.
