The natural history of asymptomatic severe carotid artery stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Although level 1 evidence supports carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for stroke prevention in patients with asymptomatic severe carotid artery stenosis (ASCAS; >70%), medical therapy alone has been promulgated by some as equally effective. The goal of this study was to determine the natural history of medically treated patients with ASCAS. METHODS: Patients with ASCAS from 2005 to 2006 were identified in a health network database. Patients were included if the initial therapeutic plan involved medical therapy alone (usually because of comorbidities or patient preference). Study end points included: ipsilateral neurologic symptoms (INS) of transient ischemic attack and/or stroke, death, and INS and/or death. RESULTS: There were 126 carotid arteries identified in 115 patients. Using standard duplex velocity criteria, 88 (70%) had severe (70%-89%) and 38 (30%) had very severe stenoses (VSS; 90%-99%). The average age was 73.5 years, demographic characteristics included: 66% hypertension, 64% coronary artery disease, 30% diabetes, 5% chronic kidney disease (CKD), and 86% were taking a statin drug (28% had a low-density lipoprotein level <100 mg/dL). There were 31 patients (24.6%) who developed INS during a mean follow-up of 27 months; most (23 of 31; 74%) occurred within 12 months of the initial duplex ultrasound examination; 14 (45%) were strokes. The 5-year actuarial freedom from INS was 70.1 ± 5%. Multivariate predictors of INS included: VSS (hazard ratio [HR], 3.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-6.76; P = .002), CKD (HR, 6.25; 95% CI, 2.05-19.2; P = .001), and age (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.98; P = .001). There were 41 patients (33%) who underwent eventual carotid revascularization (32 CEA, nine stent); 23 of 41 (56%) were performed for INS and 18 (44%) for plaque progression. Overall 5-year actuarial survival was 69.8% ± 4.1%. Multivariate predictors of death included: age (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.1; P = .0001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.08-3.41; P = .03), and diabetes (HR, 5.08; 95% CI, 2.86-9.01; P < .0001). The 5-year actuarial freedom from INS and/or death was 54 ± 4.4%. Multivariate predictors of INS and/or death were: VSS (HR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.22-3.23; P = .006), CKD (HR, 5.46; 95% CI, 2.12-14.08; P = .0004), and diabetes (HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.59-4.24; P = .0001). Statin use was not protective against INS or death in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Medically managed patients with ASCAS develop INS early, especially in patients with VSS. Medical therapy with aspirin and statins failed to control ASCAS, thus validating the role of CEA in these patients as promulgated in multiple current treatment guidelines.

Determination of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) extractable from the surface of commercial cookware under simulated cooking conditions by LC/MS/MS.

Salts of pentadecafluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are polymerization aids used in the manufacture of fluoropolymers; one of the applications of fluoropolymers is the coating of metal cookware products. A method was developed to determine if PFOA might be present in and extracted from the surface of commercial frying pans coated with a DuPont fluoropolymer under simulated cooking conditions. Commercial grade cookware was obtained, then extracted with water and ethanol/water mixtures at 100 and 125 degrees C, and the resulting extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Detection and quantification limits as low as 100 pg cm(-2) were demonstrated. None of the fluoropolymer treated cookware samples analyzed showed detectable levels of PFOA when extracted under simulated cooking conditions.