Demonstration and characterization of the heterodimerization of ZnT5 and ZnT6 in the early secretory pathway.

The majority of CDF/ZnT zinc transporters form homo-oligomers. However, ZnT5, ZnT6, and their orthologues form hetero-oligomers in the early secretory pathway where they load zinc onto zinc-requiring enzymes and maintain secretory pathway functions. The details of this hetero-oligomerization remain to be elucidated, and much more is known about homo-oligomerization that occurs in other CDF/ZnT family proteins. Here, we addressed this issue using co-immunoprecipitation experiments, mutagenesis, and chimera studies of hZnT5 and hZnT6 in chicken DT40 cells deficient in ZnT5, ZnT6, and ZnT7 proteins. We found that hZnT5 and hZnT6 combine to form heterodimers but do not form complexes larger than heterodimers. Mutagenesis of hZnT6 indicated that the sites present in transmembrane domains II and V in which many CDF/ZnT proteins have conserved hydrophilic amino acid residues are not involved in zinc binding of hZnT6, although they are required for zinc transport in other CDF/ZnT family homo-oligomers. We also found that the long N-terminal half of hZnT5 is not necessary for its functional interaction with hZnT6, whereas the cytosolic C-terminal tail of hZnT5 is important in determining hZnT6 as a partner molecule for heterodimer formation. In DT40 cells, cZnT5 variant lacking the N-terminal half was endogenously induced during periods of endoplasmic reticulum stress and so seemed to function to supply zinc to zinc-requiring enzymes under these conditions. The results outlined here provide new information about the mechanism of action through heterodimerization of CDF/ZnT proteins that function in the early secretory pathway.

Two different zinc transport complexes of cation diffusion facilitator proteins localized in the secretory pathway operate to activate alkaline phosphatases in vertebrate cells.

Zinc is an essential component for the catalytic activity of numerous zinc-requiring enzymes. However, until recently little has been known about the molecules involved in the pathways required for supplying zinc to these enzymes. We showed recently (Suzuki, T., Ishihara, K., Migaki, H., Matsuura, W., Kohda, A., Okumura, K., Nagao, M., Yamaguchi-Iwai, Y., and Kambe, T. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 637-643) that zinc transporters, ZnT5 and ZnT7, are required for the activation of zinc-requiring enzymes, alkaline phosphatases (ALPs), by transporting zinc into the lumens of the Golgi apparatus and the vesicular compartments where ALPs locate and converting apoALPs to holoALPs. ZnT6 is also located in the vesicular compartments like ZnT5 and ZnT7. However, the functions of ZnT6 and relationships among these three transporters have not been characterized yet. Here, we characterized the cellular function of ZnT6 together with ZnT5 and ZnT7 by gene-targeting studies using DT40 cells. ZnT6-deficient DT40 cells showed low ALP activity, suggesting that ZnT6 is required for the activation of zinc-requiring enzymes like ZnT5 and ZnT7. Combined disruptions of three transporter genes and re-expressions of transgenes revealed that ZnT5 and ZnT6 work in the same pathway, whereas ZnT7 acts alone. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that ZnT5 and ZnT6 formed hetero-oligomers, whereas ZnT7 formed homo-oligomers. Interestingly, the Ser-rich loop in ZnT6, a potential zinc-binding site, was dispensable for the zinc-supplying function of ZnT5/ZnT6 hetero-oligomers, suggesting that the His-rich loop in ZnT5 may be important for zinc binding and that the loop in ZnT6 may acquire another function in the hetero-oligomer formation. These results suggest that two different zinc transport complexes operate to activate ALPs.

Zinc transporters, ZnT5 and ZnT7, are required for the activation of alkaline phosphatases, zinc-requiring enzymes that are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane.

Numerous proteins are properly folded by binding with zinc during their itinerary in the biosynthetic-secretory pathway. Several transporters have been implicated in the zinc entry into secretory compartments from cytosol, but their precise roles are poorly understood. We report here that two zinc transporters (ZnT5 and ZnT7) localized in the secretory apparatus are responsible for loading zinc to alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) that are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane proteins exposed to the extracellular site. Disruption of the ZnT5 gene in DT40 cells decreased the ALP activity to 45% of that in the wild-type cells. Disruption of the ZnT7 gene lowered the ALP activity only by 20%. Disruption of both genes markedly decreased the ALP activity to <5%. Overexpression of human ZnT5 or ZnT7 in DT40 cells deficient in both ZnT5 and ZnT7 genes recovered the ALP activity to the level comparable to that in the wild-type cells. The inactive ALP protein in DT40 cells deficient in both ZnT5 and ZnT7 genes was transported to cytoplasmic membrane like the active ALP protein in the wild-type cells. Thus both ZnT5 and ZnT7 contribute to the conversion of apo-ALP to holo-ALP.