The development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Trypanosoma vivax antibodies and its use in epidemiological surveys.

There are data indicating that the distribution of Trypanosoma vivax in the Brazilian territory is expanding with potential to reach other areas, where the vectors are present. The detection of anti-trypanosomal antibodies in serum provides important information of the trypanosomal status in cattle herds. For this reason, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Tv-ELISA-Ab) with crude antigen from one Brazilian isolate of T. vivax was developed and evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity were respectively 97.6 and 96.9%. In the evaluation of cross-reactions, three calves inoculated with T. evansi trypimastigotes blood forms showed optical densities (OD) under the cut-off during the whole experimental period, except one at 45 days post-inoculation. With relation to Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale, which are endemic hemoparasites in the studied area, the cross-reactions were shown to be 5.7, 5.3, and 1.1%, respectively. The first serological survey of Pantanal and state of Pará showed that T. vivax is widespread, although regions within both areas had significantly different prevalences. Therefore, this Tv-ELISA-Ab may be a more appropriate test for epidemiological studies in developing countries because the diagnostic laboratories in most countries may be able to perform an ELISA, which is not true for polymerase chain reaction.

The development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Trypanosoma vivax antibodies and its use in epidemiological surveys

There are data indicating that the distribution of Trypanosoma vivax in the Brazilian territory is expanding with potential to reach other areas, where the vectors are present. The detection of anti-trypanosomal antibodies in serum provides important information of the trypanosomal status in cattle herds. For this reason, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Tv-ELISA-Ab) with crude antigen from one Brazilian isolate of T. vivax was developed and evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity were respectively 97.6 and 96.9 percent. In the evaluation of cross-reactions, three calves inoculated with T. evansi trypimastigotes blood forms showed optical densities (OD) under the cut-off during the whole experimental period, except one at 45 days post-inoculation. With relation to Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale, which are endemic hemoparasites in the studied area, the cross-reactions were shown to be 5.7, 5.3, and 1.1 percent, respectively. The first serological survey of Pantanal and state of Pará showed that T. vivax is widespread, although regions within both areas had significantly different prevalences. Therefore, this Tv-ELISA-Ab may be a more appropriate test for epidemiological studies in developing countries because the diagnostic laboratories in most countries may be able to perform an ELISA, which is not true for polymerase chain reaction.

Antigenic characterization of Brazilian isolates of Anaplasma marginale.

Antigenic characterization of Anaplasma marginale isolates, by identifying conserved and variable epitopes of major surface proteins (MSP), is an important tool for vaccine development against this rickettsia. The B cell epitopes of A. marginale isolates from three microregions of the State of Pernambuco and one from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, were characterized by indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) and Western blot (WB) with 15 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The epitope recognized by MAb ANA22B1 (MSP-1a) was conserved by IFAT and WB (73-81 kDa). MSP-2 epitopes recognized by MAbs ANAO58A2 and ANAO70A2 were conserved by IFAT, while ANAO50A2 and ANA66A2 epitopes were polymorphic; in the WB, the MAbs ANAO50A2 and ANAO70A2 identified bands of 45 kDa only in the Pernambuco-Mata isolate. None of the isolates reacted with MAb ANAR75C2 (MSP-3). The MSP-4 epitope recognized by MAb ANAR76A1 was conserved by IFAT, as well as the MSP-5 epitope recognized by MAb ANAF16C1 by IFAT and WB (16 kDa). The MAbs ANAR17A6, ANAR83B3, ANAR94C1, ANAO24D5 and ANAR19A6 identified conserved epitopes by IFAT. MSP-1, MSP-2 and MSP-4, which previously showed partial protection in experimental trials, are also potential immunogens to be employed in Brazil, due to the B cell epitope conservation.

Antigenic characterization of Brazilian isolates of Anaplasma marginale

Antigenic characterization of Anaplasma marginale isolates, by identifying conserved and variable epitopes of major surface proteins (MSP), is an important tool for vaccine development against this rickettsia. The B cell epitopes of A. marginale isolates from three microregions of the State of Pernambuco and one from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, were characterized by indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) and Western blot (WB) with 15 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The epitope recognized by MAb ANA22B1 (MSP-1a) was conserved by IFAT and WB (73-81 kDa). MSP-2 epitopes recognized by MAbs ANAO58A2 and ANAO70A2 were conserved by IFAT, while ANAO50A2 and ANA66A2 epitopes were polymorphic; in the WB, the MAbs ANAO50A2 and ANAO70A2 identified bands of 45 kDa only in the Pernambuco-Mata isolate. None of the isolates reacted with MAb ANAR75C2 (MSP-3). The MSP-4 epitope recognized by MAb ANAR76A1 was conserved by IFAT, as well as the MSP-5 epitope recognized by MAb ANAF16C1 by IFAT and WB (16 kDa). The MAbs ANAR17A6, ANAR83B3, ANAR94C1, ANAO24D5 and ANAR19A6 identified conserved epitopes by IFAT. MSP-1, MSP-2 and MSP-4, which previously showed partial protection in experimental trials, are also potential immunogens to be employed in Brazil, due to the B cell epitope conservation

Desenvolvimento de uma prova de imunoadsorção enzimática para detecção de anticorpos contra Babesia bovis / Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against Babesia bovis

Uma prova de imunoadsorção enzimática (ELISA) para detecção de anticorpos contra Babesia bovis foi desenvolvida e avaliada em comparação à imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). A sensibilidade e especificidade do ELISA, determinadas pela análise de 100 soros positivos de bovinos infectados experimentalmente com B. bovis e 108 soros negativos colhidos de bovinos livres de infecção por este hemoparasito, foram de 98,0 por cento e 98,1 por cento, respectivamente. Os valores preditivos positivo e negativo foram, respectivamente, 98,0 por cento e 98,1 por cento e a precisão do teste foi de 98,1 por cento. Não foram detectadas reações cruzadas com 80 soros de bezerros experimentalmente inoculados com Babesia bigemina. O ELISA foi comparado à IFI usando 110 soros de rebanhos de área de estabilidade endêmica e 168 soros de rebanhos de áreas de instabilidade endêmica. Em ambos os casos, houve concordância significativa (P=0,631 e 0,4725, respectivamente) entre os resultados demonstrados pelos dois testes. Em um estudo epidemiológico realizado com o ELISA na região do Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul, com 1.365 soros de bovinos, 83,9 por cento foram positivos para anticorpos contra B. bovis, caracterizando a região estudada como endemicamente estável (AU)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to Babesia bovis was developed and evaluated in comparison with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The ELISA sensitivity and specificity, estimated with 100 positive sera from cattle experimentally infected with B. bovis and 108 negative sera collected from B. bovis-free herds, were 98.0% and 98.1%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were, respectively, 98.0% and 98.1%, and precision was 98.1%. No cross-reactions were detected with 80 sera from calves experimentally inoculated with Babesia bigemina. The ELISA was compared with IFAT using 110 cattle sera from an enzootically stable area and with 168 cattle sera from an enzootically unstable area. In both cases, there was a significant agreement between results of both tests (P=0.631 and 0.4725, respectively). In an epidemiological study performed with ELISA in the Pantanal region of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul with 1,365 cattle sera, 83.9% were positive for antibodies against B. bovis, characterizing this region as enzootically stable. (AU)

A conglutination test for rapid detection of antibodies against Babesia bigemina

A rapid conglutination test (RCT) with performance comparable to the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) was developed to detect antibodies against Babesia bigemina (B. bigemina-RCT). The B. bigemina-RCT is a sensitive, specific, economical, and rapidly performed serological test suitable for field application or minimally equipped laboratories. This test had a sensitivity of 90.9 percent, and specificity of 97.6 percent, compared to IFAT, which showed for the same parameters respectively, 98.3 percent and 99.7 percent. The early detection of anti- B. bigemina immunoglobulins by RCT in experimental infections was nearly parallel to that of IFAT. Cross reactions were observed with sera from calves experimentally infected with Babesia bovis (1.8 percent) and with Anaplasma marginale (1.2 percent). RCT antigen prepared with non parasitized erythrocytes (negative antigen) showed 1.5 percent, 3.5 percent and 2.2 percent of positive reactions with sera from animals experimentally infected with B. bigemina, B. bovis and A. marginale. However, none of the sera from animals of endemic areas for babesia infection resulted in positive reactions with the negative antigen. Considering these results and shelf life over six months, the B. bigemina-RCT could be used for epidemiological surveys and evaluation of control measures against this species of Babesia (AU)

Um teste rápido de conglutinação (TCR) com desempenho comparável a imunofluorencência indireta (IFI) foi desenvolvido para detectar anticorpos contra Babesia bigemina. O TCR-B.bigemina é um teste sorológico sensível, econômico e executável rapidamente; apropriado para condições de campo ou laboratórios com estrutura mínima. Este teste tem uma sensibilidade de 90,9% e especificidade de 97,6%, enquanto que a IFI apresentou para os mesmos parâmetros, respectivamente, 98,3% e 99,7%. Nas infecções experimentais a detecção de imunoglobulinas anti-B. bigemina pelo TCR foi aproximadamente a mesma da IFI. As reações cruzadas verificadas nos soros de bezerros experimentalmente infectados com Babesia bovis e Anaplasma marginale foram 1,8% e 1,2%, respectivamente. O antígeno preparado com eritrócitos não parasitados (antígeno negativo) apresentou 1,5%, 3,5% e 2,2% de reações positivas com os soros de animais infectados com B. bigemina, B. bovis e A. marginale. Entretanto, nenhum dos soros dos animais de áreas endêmicas para infecção de babésia resultaram em reações positivas com o antígeno negativo. Considerando estes resultados e o período de viabilidade do antígeno de TCR, acima de seis meses, possibilita o TCR-B. bigemina ser utilizado em levantamentos epidemiológicos e na avaliação das medidas de controle contra esta espécie de Babesia.(AU)

A conglutination test for rapid detection of antibodies against Babesia bigemina

A rapid conglutination test (RCT) with performance comparable to the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) was developed to detect antibodies against Babesia bigemina (B. bigemina-RCT). The B. bigemina-RCT is a sensitive, specific, economical, and rapidly performed serological test suitable for field application or minimally equipped laboratories. This test had a sensitivity of 90.9 percent, and specificity of 97.6 percent, compared to IFAT, which showed for the same parameters respectively, 98.3 percent and 99.7 percent. The early detection of anti- B. bigemina immunoglobulins by RCT in experimental infections was nearly parallel to that of IFAT. Cross reactions were observed with sera from calves experimentally infected with Babesia bovis (1.8 percent) and with Anaplasma marginale (1.2 percent). RCT antigen prepared with non parasitized erythrocytes (negative antigen) showed 1.5 percent, 3.5 percent and 2.2 percent of positive reactions with sera from animals experimentally infected with B. bigemina, B. bovis and A. marginale. However, none of the sera from animals of endemic areas for babesia infection resulted in positive reactions with the negative antigen. Considering these results and shelf life over six months, the B. bigemina-RCT could be used for epidemiological surveys and evaluation of control measures against this species of Babesia.

Um teste rápido de conglutinação (TCR) com desempenho comparável a imunofluorencência indireta (IFI) foi desenvolvido para detectar anticorpos contra Babesia bigemina. O TCR-B.bigemina é um teste sorológico sensível, econômico e executável rapidamente; apropriado para condições de campo ou laboratórios com estrutura mínima. Este teste tem uma sensibilidade de 90,9% e especificidade de 97,6%, enquanto que a IFI apresentou para os mesmos parâmetros, respectivamente, 98,3% e 99,7%. Nas infecções experimentais a detecção de imunoglobulinas anti-B. bigemina pelo TCR foi aproximadamente a mesma da IFI. As reações cruzadas verificadas nos soros de bezerros experimentalmente infectados com Babesia bovis e Anaplasma marginale foram 1,8% e 1,2%, respectivamente. O antígeno preparado com eritrócitos não parasitados (antígeno negativo) apresentou 1,5%, 3,5% e 2,2% de reações positivas com os soros de animais infectados com B. bigemina, B. bovis e A. marginale. Entretanto, nenhum dos soros dos animais de áreas endêmicas para infecção de babésia resultaram em reações positivas com o antígeno negativo. Considerando estes resultados e o período de viabilidade do antígeno de TCR, acima de seis meses, possibilita o TCR-B. bigemina ser utilizado em levantamentos epidemiológicos e na avaliação das medidas de controle contra esta espécie de Babesia.

Desenvolvimento de uma prova de imunoadsorção enzimática para detecção de anticorpos contra Babesia bovis / Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against Babesia bovis

Uma prova de imunoadsorção enzimática (ELISA) para detecção de anticorpos contra Babesia bovis foi desenvolvida e avaliada em comparação à imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). A sensibilidade e especificidade do ELISA, determinadas pela análise de 100 soros positivos de bovinos infectados experimentalmente com B. bovis e 108 soros negativos colhidos de bovinos livres de infecção por este hemoparasito, foram de 98,0 por cento e 98,1 por cento, respectivamente. Os valores preditivos positivo e negativo foram, respectivamente, 98,0 por cento e 98,1 por cento e a precisão do teste foi de 98,1 por cento. Não foram detectadas reações cruzadas com 80 soros de bezerros experimentalmente inoculados com Babesia bigemina. O ELISA foi comparado à IFI usando 110 soros de rebanhos de área de estabilidade endêmica e 168 soros de rebanhos de áreas de instabilidade endêmica. Em ambos os casos, houve concordância significativa (P=0,631 e 0,4725, respectivamente) entre os resultados demonstrados pelos dois testes. Em um estudo epidemiológico realizado com o ELISA na região do Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul, com 1.365 soros de bovinos, 83,9 por cento foram positivos para anticorpos contra B. bovis, caracterizando a região estudada como endemicamente estável.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to Babesia bovis was developed and evaluated in comparison with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The ELISA sensitivity and specificity, estimated with 100 positive sera from cattle experimentally infected with B. bovis and 108 negative sera collected from B. bovis-free herds, were 98.0 percent and 98.1 percent, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were, respectively, 98.0 percent and 98.1 percent, and precision was 98.1 percent. No cross-reactions were detected with 80 sera from calves experimentally inoculated with Babesia bigemina. The ELISA was compared with IFAT using 110 cattle sera from an enzootically stable area and with 168 cattle sera from an enzootically unstable area. In both cases, there was a significant agreement between results of both tests (P=0.631 and 0.4725, respectively). In an epidemiological study performed with ELISA in the Pantanal region of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul with 1,365 cattle sera, 83.9 percent were positive for antibodies against B. bovis, characterizing this region as enzootically stable.