[The characteristics and problems of professional activity of medical workers in conditions of COVID-19 pandemic].

The article is based on the results of sociological survey of medical workers of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2021. The approaches to issues of their professional activities are analyzed. It is argued that the COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated a number of systemic problems accumulated in health care system in last years. The main difficulties are associated with shortage of medical personnel, increased workload, low remuneration of labor of medical workers, unpractical work organization decreasing quality of medical care, etc. The majority of respondents (68.4%) are not satisfied with their salaries. The highest percentage of negative assessments is fixed among physicians and paramedical personnel. The amount of average monthly salary of junior medical personnel is so low that it does not correlate with the minimum wage accepted in the Republic. The study discovered sufficiently high occupational risk, determined by biological production factor related to possibility COVID-19 contamination. The assessment of occupational morbidity demonstrated that at present the most widely-spread occupational pathologies in medical workers are infection with COVID-19 (70.2%) and emotional burnout syndrome (67.2%). Such measures as annual dispensarization, provision of medical workers with sanatorium-and-spa vouchers are obviously insufficient. Only 14.1% of respondents could underwent annual medical examination. Only 13.8% of respondents had opportunity to take advantage of sanatorium-and-spa vouchers. The study revealed deficiency of personnel in medical organizations among paramedical and junior medical personnel and physicians as well.

[The Rational Diet of Children in Family as a Factor of Population Health].

The article considers issues concerning limitation of consumption of foodstuff in families with children. It is emphasized that problem of rational diet of population has a marked social value and relates to quality and longevity of human life and human health. The practical experience demonstrates that children diet in families with lower income does not correspond to established modern medical biological standards. Frequently, the category of such households covers statistically average family with one or several children born and hence quality of life of these households drastically deteriorated. The poor and low-income population is limited in foodstuff consumption. The article presents the analysis of nutrition and energy value of diet in all types of examined families. It is emphasized that in households with one or two children the nutrition value of foodstuff is significantly lower than in households with many children. However, in families with few children diet includes high content of fats that is an important factor of development of obesity in growing generation. In families with many children the diet is characterized by lower consumption of protein, including animal one. The inadequate and "poor" type of diet results in increasing of protein-calorie deficiency шт families with many children. In households with children the diet does not correspond to standards of cost of living according food substances. Therefore, modern Russian family with more than one child, is characterized by deficiency of energy value of diet per every its member. The increasing of number of children in family significantly decreases quality of diet of its members. Accordingly, quality of diet in families with one child is higher than in families households with to and more children.

[Nutrition of children in modern Russian family: social and economic aspect].

The aim of this article is to study the problem of the nutritional status of children in a modern Russian family. This work is based on the analysis of statistical data of the results of a sample survey of households' budgets, reflecting the interrelationship between the standard of living of the Russian family and children, its material wealth, the possibility of high quality, high-grade nutrition for all its members, especially children. The standard of living, the share of food expenditure, the consumption of basic food groups, the nutritive and energy value of diets in households with children (a family with one child, two, three or more children) were studied. The article discusses the issues related to the limited consumption of various food products in families with children. There is an increase in consumption of bread products and potatoes, as well as sugar and confectionery products in all types of households with children, but especially in large families, while reducing the consumption of other groups of products. The paper presents an analysis of the nutritive and energy value of the diet in all types of families surveyed. It is emphasized that in households with one or two children the nutritive value of the diet is significantly higher than in large families. In the diet of large families there is a lackof protein (11.8% of calories). The fat content in the diet of families with children exceeds the recommended level (34.8-36.6% of calories). In general, the quality of nutrition in families with one child is higher than in households with two or more children. The nutritional status of children in families with low incomes, which often include the average family with the birth of a child, especially several, does not correspond to the medical and biological standards approved for modern society. Obviously, the higher is living standard of the population, the lower is the share of expenditure on food, and vice versa. With the advent of children, the living standard of a household decreases. Thus, according to official data, the share of food expenditures in families with children in 2016 was 34.4% of the family budget for families raising one child, 36.9% for families raising two children, 40.1% for households with three or more children. Accordingly, the lower is the living standard of the family, the less they spend on maintaining the health of children, their education and recreation. The paper emphasizes that the problem of rational nutrition of the population has a pronounced social and economic significance and belongs to the global categories that play a significant role in ensuring the quality of life of a person, maintaining his health and longevity of life.