Metabolomic Profiling of Phloem Sap from Different Pine Species and Implications on Black Capuchin.

In most commercial pine farms in southern Brazil, black capuchin causes damage to wood and financial losses when it removes bark from some pine species to feed upon underlying vascular tissues. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the variability of the primary metabolites of phloem saps from 10 different species of pine by NMR spectroscopy, as well as the aroma compounds using SPME-GC-MS. Each technique provided a different set of metabolites that we can correlate to monkey predilection. The PCA showed monosaccharide (detected by NMR) and α-pinene (pine-like and resinous flavor descriptors) as attractive compounds for monkeys. On the other hand, the low content of monosaccharide and the high content of ß-phellandrene (citrus odor descriptor) was observed in less attacked pine species (P. patula). The data fusion on primary metabolites and aroma compounds corroborated the individual analyses, complementing the comprehension of the monkey predilection. Thus, P. elliottii was an avoided tree even with high content of sugars possibly due to its high content of ß-phellandrene (citrus odor). The results are useful for further behavioral studies to determine the role that each highlighted metabolite plays in chemically mediated animal-plant interactions.

Consistency in fruit preferences across the geographical range of the frugivorous bats Artibeus, Carollia and Sturnira (Chiroptera) / Consistência na preferência de frutos na extensão geográfica de morcegos frugívoros Artibeus, Carollia and Sturnira (Chiroptera)

The frugivorous phyllostomid bat genera Artibeus , Carollia and Sturnira are important seed dispersers in the Neotropics, and exhibit supposed preferences for fruits of the genus Ficus, Piper and Solanum, respectively. We performed a quantified literature review to test the hypothesis that interactions with plants are consistent throughout the bats´ geographic ranges. Through an extensive literature review we obtained a total of 4,448 records of fruit consumption from 180 publications. To test which fruits were most frequently consumed across the Neotropical region and in each of its component countries these data were organized by bat species and country. In general, considering the 176 botanical genera eaten by these bats, the results showed a high consumption frequency of Ficus (24.0%) by Artibeus, Piper (38.7%) by Carollia and Solanum (31.0%) by Sturnira . Additionally, our findings support the hypothesis of diet consistency throughout the geographic range of these genera. We suggest that this consistency is related to the wide distribution of the study groups (both bats and plants), the phenology of the zoochoric species consumed, the spatial fidelity of bats and the foraging patterns of the different bat species.(AU)

Os filostomídeos frugívoros Artibeus , Carollia e Sturnira são importantes dispersores de sementes na região Neotropical, se destacando por possuírem uma suposta preferência por frutos dos gêneros Ficus , Piper e Solanum , respectivamente. Nós realizamos uma metanálise para testar a hipótese de que as interações entre esses morcegos e plantas são consistentes ao longo de toda sua distribuição geográfica. Por meio de uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, foram compilados 4.448 registros de consumo de frutos provenientes de 180 publicações. Estes dados foram organizados por espécie de morcego e país, testando quais gêneros de frutos foram mais frequentes na região neotropical como um todo e em cada um dos seus países componentes. Num panorama geral, os resultados demonstraram alta frequência no consumo de Ficus (24,0%) por Artibeus, Piper (38,7%) por Carollia e Solanum (31,0%) por Sturnira, considerando 176 gêneros botânicos citados. O estudo corrobora, assim, a hipótese da consistência da dieta desses morcegos ao longo de toda a sua distribuição geográfica, sendo esta relacionada à ampla distribuição dos grupos (morcegos e plantas) envolvidos, à fenologia das espécies zoocóricas consumidas e à fidelidade espacial dos morcegos, esta, por sua vez, moldada pela capacidade de voo das diferentes espécies.(AU)

Consistency in fruit preferences across the geographical range of the frugivorous bats Artibeus, Carollia and Sturnira (Chiroptera) / Consistência na preferência de frutos na extensão geográfica de morcegos frugívoros Artibeus, Carollia and Sturnira (Chiroptera)

The frugivorous phyllostomid bat genera Artibeus , Carollia and Sturnira are important seed dispersers in the Neotropics, and exhibit supposed preferences for fruits of the genus Ficus, Piper and Solanum, respectively. We performed a quantified literature review to test the hypothesis that interactions with plants are consistent throughout the bats´ geographic ranges. Through an extensive literature review we obtained a total of 4,448 records of fruit consumption from 180 publications. To test which fruits were most frequently consumed across the Neotropical region and in each of its component countries these data were organized by bat species and country. In general, considering the 176 botanical genera eaten by these bats, the results showed a high consumption frequency of Ficus (24.0%) by Artibeus, Piper (38.7%) by Carollia and Solanum (31.0%) by Sturnira . Additionally, our findings support the hypothesis of diet consistency throughout the geographic range of these genera. We suggest that this consistency is related to the wide distribution of the study groups (both bats and plants), the phenology of the zoochoric species consumed, the spatial fidelity of bats and the foraging patterns of the different bat species.

Os filostomídeos frugívoros Artibeus , Carollia e Sturnira são importantes dispersores de sementes na região Neotropical, se destacando por possuírem uma suposta preferência por frutos dos gêneros Ficus , Piper e Solanum , respectivamente. Nós realizamos uma metanálise para testar a hipótese de que as interações entre esses morcegos e plantas são consistentes ao longo de toda sua distribuição geográfica. Por meio de uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, foram compilados 4.448 registros de consumo de frutos provenientes de 180 publicações. Estes dados foram organizados por espécie de morcego e país, testando quais gêneros de frutos foram mais frequentes na região neotropical como um todo e em cada um dos seus países componentes. Num panorama geral, os resultados demonstraram alta frequência no consumo de Ficus (24,0%) por Artibeus, Piper (38,7%) por Carollia e Solanum (31,0%) por Sturnira, considerando 176 gêneros botânicos citados. O estudo corrobora, assim, a hipótese da consistência da dieta desses morcegos ao longo de toda a sua distribuição geográfica, sendo esta relacionada à ampla distribuição dos grupos (morcegos e plantas) envolvidos, à fenologia das espécies zoocóricas consumidas e à fidelidade espacial dos morcegos, esta, por sua vez, moldada pela capacidade de voo das diferentes espécies.

Consistency in fruit preferences across the geographical range of the frugivorous bats Artibeus , Carollia and Sturnira (Chiroptera)

Abstract The frugivorous phyllostomid bat genera Artibeus , Carollia and Sturnira are important seed dispersers in the Neotropics, and exhibit supposed preferences for fruits of the genus Ficus , Piper and Solanum , respectively. We performed a quantified literature review to test the hypothesis that interactions with plants are consistent throughout the bats´ geographic ranges. Through an extensive literature review we obtained a total of 4,448 records of fruit consumption from 180 publications. To test which fruits were most frequently consumed across the Neotropical region and in each of its component countries these data were organized by bat species and country. In general, considering the 176 botanical genera eaten by these bats, the results showed a high consumption frequency of Ficus (24.0%) by Artibeus , Piper (38.7%) by Carollia and Solanum (31.0%) by Sturnira . Additionally, our findings support the hypothesis of diet consistency throughout the geographic range of these genera. We suggest that this consistency is related to the wide distribution of the study groups (both bats and plants), the phenology of the zoochoric species consumed, the spatial fidelity of bats and the foraging patterns of the different bat species.

Resumo Os filostomídeos frugívoros Artibeus , Carollia e Sturnira são importantes dispersores de sementes na região Neotropical, se destacando por possuírem uma suposta preferência por frutos dos gêneros Ficus , Piper e Solanum , respectivamente. Nós realizamos uma metanálise para testar a hipótese de que as interações entre esses morcegos e plantas são consistentes ao longo de toda sua distribuição geográfica. Por meio de uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, foram compilados 4.448 registros de consumo de frutos provenientes de 180 publicações. Estes dados foram organizados por espécie de morcego e país, testando quais gêneros de frutos foram mais frequentes na região neotropical como um todo e em cada um dos seus países componentes. Num panorama geral, os resultados demonstraram alta frequência no consumo de Ficus (24,0%) por Artibeus , Piper (38,7%) por Carollia e Solanum (31,0%) por Sturnira , considerando 176 gêneros botânicos citados. O estudo corrobora, assim, a hipótese da consistência da dieta desses morcegos ao longo de toda a sua distribuição geográfica, sendo esta relacionada à ampla distribuição dos grupos (morcegos e plantas) envolvidos, à fenologia das espécies zoocóricas consumidas e à fidelidade espacial dos morcegos, esta, por sua vez, moldada pela capacidade de voo das diferentes espécies.

Olfaction in the fruit-eating bats Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata: an experimental analysis.

Studies suggest that frugivorous bats search and select fruit mainly by olfaction so that they can be attracted by smell alone. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in captivity, the behavioural response (number of foraging attempts) of Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata offered essential oils extracted from ripe fruit of Ficus insipida (Moraceae) and Piper hispidum (Piperaceae) as well as intact fruit wrapped in gauze to attract bats with reduced visual stimuli. Based on previous reports, we hypothesized that A.lituratus would exhibit preference for Ficus fruits/oil while C. perspicillata would prefer Piper fruit/oil. Four arrangements of these attractants were tested in triplicate: P. hispidum fruit vs. F. insipida fruit, P.hispidum oil vs. F. insipida oil, P. hispidum oil vs. F. insipida fruit and P. hispidum fruit vs. F. insipida oil. As expected, in all tests, A. lituratus showed the highest number of foraging attempts in F. insipida while C. perspicillata in those of P. hispidum. Based on the number of foraging attempts both species exhibited a positive response to their favorite fruit genera, though the differences were not always statistically significant. The results confirm the importance of smell in fruit choice by these species.