The Livestock Frontier in the Paraguayan Chaco: A Local Agent-based Perspective.

Deforestation is one of the most relevant transformations characterizing global environmental change in the tropics at present. There is wide consensus in pointing the context-dependent nature of tropical deforestation. In this sense, a better characterization of the phenomenon considering the social context could provide a more accurate picture of tropical deforestation. With this aim, a Q-methodology discourse analysis was conducted to characterise the different discourses that coexist in the particular region of the Paraguayan Chaco concerning the development of cattle ranching and derived deforestation. Four different discourses were identified as making sense the wide range of interests and values coexisting and clashing in the Paraguayan Chaco, namely: the Environmentalist discourse, the Business discourse, the Resigned discourse, and the Possibilist discourse. The results point that the fundamental differences between the discourses are largely explained by the different positions on three specific domains: (i) the socio-economic benefits the expansion of cattle ranching brings about; (ii) the environmental impacts the expansion of cattle ranching and the derived deforestation brings on; and, finally (iii) the degree to which an active intervention from the side of policy making to regulate the expansion of cattle ranching and to minimize possible detrimental effects is seen as necessary. The position of the different discourses in relation to these domains could help policy makers to make measures and regulations more widely accepted and followed.

Sustainable and Nutritional Recommendations for the Development of Menus by School Food Services in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Recommendations for the development of school menus can promote healthier, more sustainable food systems. In Spain, these recommendations depend on regional governments (Autonomous Communities-CCAAs) that develop their own guides. The objective of this study was to explore the nutritional and sustainability recommendations for the development of menus by school food services in Spain. METHODS: Guides were reviewed that were available on the official web pages of the councils of health and education. Twenty-four variables were studied and organized into three categories: characteristics, nutritional recommendations and sustainability. The number of recommendations included in each guide was counted. The weekly frequency of the suggested food provision for each food group was calculated, as was the average, median, standard deviation, confidence interval and interquartile index. RESULTS: Overall, 13 guides were reviewed from different CCAAs. All of them included at least three of the nutritional recommendations, two suggested restrictions in the provision of foods with high quantities of salt and six suggested restrictions in foods with high levels of trans and saturated fats and sugars. All except one guide recommended the weekly provision of foods by food group: protein-rich foods (n = 8), cereals and root vegetables (n = 6), vegetables (n = 5.2) and fruit (n = 4.3). Of the eight criteria for sustainability studied, nine guides included one or none. CONCLUSIONS: Guides for the provision of meals at school in Spain promote the incorporation of healthy foods; however, they rarely restrict foods with high levels of fat, salt and sugar, and the promotion of food sustainability is only just beginning. These guides should be reviewed and updated to include recommendations that promote healthy and sustainable food systems.

School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme: Characteristics of Its Implementation in the European Union from 2009/10 to 2016/17.

The "School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme" (SFVS) was proposed in 2009/10 as a strategy to support the consumption of Fruit and Vegetables (FV), decrease rates of obesity, improve agricultural income, stabilize markets, and ensure the current and future supply of these foods. However, there is little information about how it was carried out in the EU. Given the potential of the SFVS to support healthier, more sustainable food systems, the objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of SFVS implementation from 2009/10 to 2016/17 in the EU. A longitudinal, observational, and retrospective study was carried out based on secondary data. A total of 186 annual reports of the Member States (MS) participating in the SFVS from 2009/10 to 2016/17 were consulted: European and national budget, funds used from the EU, participating schools and students, duration of the SFVS, FV offered, and application of sustainability criteria, expenditure per student, days of the week, the quantity of FV offered per student and other indicators were calculated. The majority of MS participated in the SFVS during the study period with a heterogeneous implementation pattern in terms of funds used, coverage, duration, quantity (totals and by portion), and cost of FV distributed per student. The sustainability criteria for the FV distribution were also not applied uniformly in all the MS. Establishing minimum recommendations for SFVS implementation are recommended to maximize the benefits of the SFVS. The results may be useful for planning new strategies to help address and improve current health and environmental problems.

Facilitating Factors and Opportunities for Local Food Purchases in School Meals in Spain.

The objective of this study is to explore the facilitating factors and opportunities that can promote the implementation of local food purchase (LFP) in Spanish school meals in the opinions of key informants (IK). A qualitative study was carried out based on in-depth interviews with 14 KI capable of influencing Spanish food policy (Representatives of consumers and/or producers, representatives of organizations that promote LFP, and representatives of the government and/or academics). They were asked about opportunities and facilitating factors for implementation of LFP. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. A qualitative content analysis was carried out with Atlas ti. The analysis of the interviews produced two categories that include factors that- in the interviewees' opinions- can promote LFP (social fabric and policy) and three categories that bring together the factors that represent opportunities for implementation in school meal programs in Spain (the policy agenda, regional characteristics and regional context). The overlap between social and political demands were considered to be facilitating factors for LFP. Furthermore, in the opinions of KI, the presence of health and sustainability issues on the public agenda, the existence of a structured productive system and political changes represent an opportunity to implement LFP.

Preference by Donkeys and Goats among Five Mediterranean Forest Species: Implications for Reducing Fire Hazard.

During the second half of the 20th century, European countries experienced an increase in their forest area due to the global change. Consequently, there has been an increase in large forest fires, mainly in the Mediterranean basin, and this has forced the development of several types of prevention programs. One of them is the control of the understory by livestock. In this sense, browsing with a combination of donkeys and goats could be a good option, as both animals usually feed on forest species. However, little is known about their preferences for the key species of the Mediterranean forest. Using a cafeteria test, the preferences and consumption of both animals have been determined for five typical species of the Mediterranean forest, such as Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis, Phillyrea latifolia, Rubus ulmifolius, and Brachypodium retusum. Results showed that donkeys and goats could act complementarily in the reduction of the fuel biomass of forests. Donkeys appear to act more on fine fuel, such as B. retusum, and goats on the more pyrophyte species, in this case P. halepensis. In addition, given that donkeys are at severe risk of extinction in Europe, this role of providing ecosystem services could contribute to their conservation. Despite this study only showing that goats and donkeys would consume all five presented plant species and that there are some differences in consumption during a short-term test, it constitutes a useful first step for conservation and fire prevention in the Mediterranean forests.

Valoración del documento de consenso sobre alimentación en centros educativos para evaluar menús escolares / Assessment of the consensus document on food in educational centres to evaluate school menus

OBJETIVO: Explorar la aplicabilidad del Documento de Consenso sobre Alimentación en los Centros Educativos (DCSECE) para evaluar la adecuación de los menús escolares a las recomendaciones de una alimentación saludable. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal en el que se analizaron menús mensuales de 28 centros de educación infantil y primaria de Andalucía y Canarias. Los datos se extrajeron mediante un protocolo ad hoc basado en las recomendaciones del DCSECE, las cuales se dividieron en categorías y subcategorías de alimentos. Se estudió la oferta semanal de cada una de las categorías y subcategorías de alimentos y se comparó con las recomendaciones del DCSECE. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los centros presentó una oferta superior a la recomendación para la categoría de hortalizas y verduras, otras guarniciones y otros postres; inferior para la de arroz, pasta, elaborados y ensaladas; y ajustada para la de legumbres, carnes, pescado y huevos. Por subcategorías, se observó el predominio de vegetales cocidos en la categoría de hortalizas y verduras, en perjuicio de las ensaladas, y una oferta elevada de carnes procesadas en la categoría de carnes. CONCLUSIONES: El DCSECE puede ser un instrumento útil para evaluar la oferta alimentaria en los menús escolares, pero precisa una mayor especificidad en las recomendaciones para identificar la adecuación de los menús a una alimentación saludable

OBJECTIVE: To explore the applicability of the Consensus Document on School Food Programmes in Educational Centres (DCSECE) to evaluate the adaptation of school menus to healthy eating recommendations. METHOD: Transversal study that analyzes monthly school menus from 28 early-childhood education and primary education centres in Andalusia and Canary Islands (Spain). Data were collected using an ad-hoc protocol based on the DCSECE recommendations and divided into food categories and subcategories. We studied the weekly menu offering of each of the foods by category and subcategory and compared them to the DCSECE recommendations. RESULTS: The majority of the schools offered better meals than as specified by the recommendations, in terms of vegetables, other garnishes and other deserts. They offered poorer quality meals in the categories of rice, pasta, prepared foods and salads, and had an equivalent offering in terms of pulses, meats, fish and eggs. By subcategory, we observed the predominance of cooked vegetables in the vegetable category as compared to salads, and the predominance of processed meats in the meats category. CONCLUSIONS: The DCSECE could be a useful instrument for evaluating the nutritional offering of school menus. However, there is a need for greater specificity in the recommendations, in order to identify whether these menus adhere to healthy eating recommendations

[Assessment of the consensus document on food in educational centres to evaluate school menus]. / Valoración del documento de consenso sobre alimentación en centros educativos para evaluar menús escolares.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the applicability of the Consensus Document on School Food Programmes in Educational Centres (DCSECE) to evaluate the adaptation of school menus to healthy eating recommendations. METHOD: Transversal study that analyzes monthly school menus from 28 early-childhood education and primary education centres in Andalusia and Canary Islands (Spain). Data were collected using an ad-hoc protocol based on the DCSECE recommendations and divided into food categories and subcategories. We studied the weekly menu offering of each of the foods by category and subcategory and compared them to the DCSECE recommendations. RESULTS: The majority of the schools offered better meals than as specified by the recommendations, in terms of vegetables, other garnishes and other deserts. They offered poorer quality meals in the categories of rice, pasta, prepared foods and salads, and had an equivalent offering in terms of pulses, meats, fish and eggs. By subcategory, we observed the predominance of cooked vegetables in the vegetable category as compared to salads, and the predominance of processed meats in the meats category. CONCLUSIONS: The DCSECE could be a useful instrument for evaluating the nutritional offering of school menus. However, there is a need for greater specificity in the recommendations, in order to identify whether these menus adhere to healthy eating recommendations.

Implementation of the European School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme in Spain (2009-2017).

The School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme (SFVS) implemented by the European Union in 2009/2010 aims to improve the diet of students and to support agricultural markets and environmental sustainability. The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of the School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme implementation from 2009 to 2017 in Spain and its autonomous communities. A descriptive, longitudinal, observational, and retrospective study was carried out on the basis of document analysis of SFVS reports. We studied the average budget for Spain and its autonomous communities (AC), the number of students enrolled, the cost of the SFVS by student and by day, the duration of the SFVS, the quantity of fruits and vegetables (FV) per student and day (g), the variety of FV, the recommendation to include local, seasonal, and organic foods, and the educational activities (EA). The results were studied by the AC which are territorial entities of Spain. The budget almost doubled during the study, thanks mainly to EU funds. However, the number of students increased only from 18% in 2009 to 20% in 2016. The quantity of FV increased from 2579 to 4000 tons, and the duration of the SFVS increased from 9.8 to 19.6 days. In the AC, there were variations in EA, in the number of enrolled students (7.4% to 45.6%), in the cost per student (from €2.3 to €28), and in the duration in days (5.6 to 70 days). The recommendation to include local, seasonal, and organic foods was implemented in five of the eight years studied. The development and scope of the SFVS in Spain are still insufficient to generate an equitable healthy dietary pattern in the school population. However, the SFVS has generated an economic market for agricultural production due to the amount of FV distributed in each academic course.

Influencia de la fatiga producida durante la reanimación cardiopulmonar sobre la capacidad cognitiva de los profesionales sanitarios: ensayo de simulación / Cognitive function and fatigue from cardiopulmonary resuscitation effort in health care professionals: a simulation test

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La comunidad científica ante los medios de comunicación: Guía de actuación para la divulgación de la ciencia

Contiene: Comunicar la ciencia, tarea compartida, los medios de comunicación y la divulgación de la ciencia, el periodismo científico, estrategias de comunicación de la ciencia para personal docente e investigador, cómo enfocar el contacto con periodistas, la noticia científica-divulgativa sobre nuestro resultado de investigación, la entrevista sobre un tema científico, el reportaje científico-divulgativo, la opinión sobre temas científicos: Tribunas sobre ciencia, formatos audiovisuales. La ciencia en radio y televisión, valorar el resultado del contacto con un medio de comunicación, las Unidades de Cultura Científica como intermediarias entre la comunidad científica y los medios de comunicación, anexos.

"Es como uno bomba de tiempo [It's like a time bomb]": A Qualitative Analysis of Perceptions of Diabetes Among First-Degree Relatives of Latino Patients With Diabetes.

Background. The South Bronx, a largely Latino community, has become an epicenter of the diabetes epidemic in New York City. In this community, nondiabetic first-degree relatives of people with diabetes are prime targets for intervention. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the knowledge of diabetes and attitudes toward health behavior modification of Latino adults who are first-degree relatives of people with diabetes. Methods. Participants were recruited from three settings in the South Bronx (a community-based organization, a faith-based organization, and a taxi station). The Common Sense Model was used to develop focus-group items. This model provides a framework for exploring illness representations along five domains: identity, cause, consequences, timeline, and perceptions of curability. Responses were transcribed verbatim, and data analysis proceeded in the following order: data immersion, assignment of codes, grouping of key concepts to form categories, and construction of higher-order themes. Results. Of the 115 potential participants identified, 53 were found to be eligible, and 23 of these participated in the focus group. Of these, 20 were Dominicans, 2 were Puerto Ricans, and 1 was Salvadorian. The mean age was 46.39 years, 35% were women, 61% were married, and 26% had less than a high school education. Qualitative analyses resulted in 547 codes that were grouped into 52 concepts, from which 9 categories and 4 overarching themes emerged. The dominant themes were 1) family, genetics, and culture play a major role in the etiology of diabetes; 2) being Latino and having a first-degree relative with diabetes makes getting diabetes inevitable, and, like a time bomb exploding, it is destined to happen; 3) once one develops diabetes, the physical and emotional consequences are devastating and destructive; and 4) diabetes can be "cured" through healthy eating and with insulin. Conclusions.In this study, first-degree relatives of patients with diabetes were knowledgeable about the risks and consequences of diabetes. However, some participants felt that being Latino and having a first-degree relative with diabetes made one destined to have diabetes. Addressing this misperception through culturally tailored interventions has implications for diabetes prevention and may help to stem the diabetes epidemic in Latino communities.

Calcium channel blockers reduce the effects of cigarette smoking on peripheral nerve ischemia/reperfusion injury.

The efficacy of calcium channel blockers in reducing the effects of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in animals subjected to cigarette smoke was examined. In this study, 40 rats were divided into 4 groups. Groups A, B, and C received a controlled cigarette smoke exposure for 14 days, following which all animals underwent a standardized sciatic nerve I/R procedure. One sciatic nerve was isolated, and the femoral artery was occluded for 3 hours followed by reperfusion. Group B received verapamil (20 mg/kg/d). Group C received nifedipine (10 mg/kg/d). Mean sciatic function index (SFI) was significantly higher in nonsmoking than smoking animals, and the sciatic function index of group B (verapamil) and group C (nifedipine) was significantly greater than group A (smoking). Mean malondialdehyde at day 28 in group A was 0.96 ± 0.14 compared with 0.74 ± 0.11 in the nonsmoking group (P = 0.03), and the mean malondialdehyde in the nifedipine group was significantly greater than in group A (P = 0.05). Histologic injury scores were not significantly different among groups exposed to smoke. Smoking was associated with slower recovery following peripheral nerve I/R injury, but calcium channel blockers were shown to ameliorate these effects.

Ultrasonographic anatomy of the coelomic organs of boid snakes (Boa constrictor imperator, Python regius, Python molurus molurus, and Python curtus).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the ultrasonographic features of the coelomic organs of healthy snakes belonging to the Boidae and Pythonidae families. ANIMALS: 16 ball pythons (Python regius; 7 males, 8 females, and 1 sexually immature), 10 Indian rock pythons (Python molurus molurus; 5 males, 4 females, and 1 sexually immature), 12 Python curtus (5 males and 7 females), and 8 boa constrictors (Boa constrictor imperator; 4 males and 4 females). PROCEDURES: All snakes underwent complete ultrasonographic evaluation of the coelomic cavity; chemical restraint was not necessary. A dorsolateral approach to probe placement was chosen to increase image quality and to avoid injury to the snakes and operators. Qualitative and quantitative observations were recorded. RESULTS: The liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines, kidneys, cloaca, and scent glands were identified in all snakes. The hemipenes were identified in 10 of the 21 (48%) male snakes. The spleen was identified in 5 of the 46 (11%) snakes, and ureters were identified in 6 (13%). In 2 sexually immature snakes, the gonads were not visible. One (2%) snake was gravid, and 7 (15%) had small amounts of free fluid in the coelomic cavity. A significant positive correlation was identified between several measurements (diameter and thickness of scent glands, gastric and pyloric walls, and colonic wall) and body length (snout to vent) and body weight. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The study findings can be used as an atlas of the ultrasonographic anatomy of the coelomic cavity in healthy boid snakes. Ultrasonography was reasonably fast to perform and was well tolerated in conscious snakes.

The effect of cigarette smoking on functional recovery following peripheral nerve ischemia/reperfusion injury.

This study was designed to determine if cigarette smoking adversely affects functional recovery following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in peripheral nerves. Forty Wistar rats were divided evenly among four groups. Animals in groups A and B were exposed to cigarette smoke via a controlled smoking chamber for 20 minutes daily. On study day 14, all animals underwent a controlled I/R injury to one sciatic nerve. Recovery was assessed with walking track assessments, malondialdehyde (MDA) assay, and histology. Walking track results on study day 21 did not differ significantly between the smoking and nonsmoking animals. However, by study day 28, the nonsmoking animals showed a greater degree of functional recovery (SFI = -18.0 and -22.8, respectively, P = 0.03). MDA concentration in the smoking group was significantly higher than the nonsmoking group at the 28 day time point (P = 0.04). Exposure to cigarette smoke was associated with a slower functional recovery following peripheral nerve I/R injury.

The effect of calcium channel blockers on smoking-induced skin flap necrosis.

BACKGROUND: Calcium channel blockers have been shown experimentally to reverse many of the effects of nicotine. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of calcium channel blockers on smoking-induced skin flap necrosis. METHODS: Forty male albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Groups A, B, and C were treated in a controlled smoking chamber for 20 minutes daily for 21 days. On day 14, caudally based dorsal skin flaps (3 x 10 cm) were created. On days 14 through 21, group B animals received verapamil (20 mg/kg/day) by gavage. Group C received nifedipine (10 mg/kg/day). On day 21, standardized photographs were taken and flap survival areas determined. Urine cotinine concentrations were measured on days 14 and 21. RESULTS: The mean cotinine level at surgery was 161 ng/ml in group A (smoking), 149 ng/ml in group B (verapamil), and 168 ng/ml in group C (nifedipine). These differences were not statistically significant. Cotinine concentration at surgery for group D (no smoking) was less than 10 ng/ml. The mean flap survival in group D was 79.1 percent, compared with 63.7 percent in group A (p = 0.003). The mean flap survival in group B (verapamil) was 72.8 percent, compared with 73.7 percent in group C (nifedipine). Both values were significantly greater than in group A (p = 0.04 and p = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, enteral calcium channel blockers were associated with a statistically significant improvement in flap survival compared with untreated animals with an equivalent smoke exposure. Calcium channel blockers may reduce perioperative risk in active smokers who require skin flap surgery.

A randomized controlled study of the acute and chronic effects of cooling therapy for MS.

BACKGROUND: Cooling demyelinated nerves can reduce conduction block, potentially improving symptoms of MS. The therapeutic effects of cooling in patients with MS have not been convincingly demonstrated because prior studies were limited by uncontrolled designs, unblinded evaluations, reliance on subjective outcome measures, and small sample sizes. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of a single acute dose of cooling therapy using objective measures of neurologic function in a controlled, double-blinded setting, and to determine whether effects are sustained during daily cooling garment use. METHODS: Patients (n = 84) with definite MS, mild to moderate disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale score < 6.0), and self-reported heat sensitivity were randomized into a multicenter, sham-treatment controlled, double-blind crossover study. Patients had the MS Functional Composite (MSFC) and measures of visual acuity/contrast sensitivity assessed before and after high-dose or low-dose cooling for 1 hour with a liquid cooling garment. One week later, patients had identical assessments before and after the alternate treatment. Patients were then re-randomized to use the cooling garment 1 hour each day for a month or to have observation only. They completed self-rated assessments of fatigue, strength, and cognition during this time, and underwent another acute cooling session at the end of the period. After 1 week of rest, they had identical assessments during the alternate treatment. RESULTS: Body temperature declined during both high-dose and low-dose cooling, but high-dose produced a greater reduction (p < 0.0001). High-dose cooling produced a small improvement in the MSFC (0.076 +/- 0.66, p = 0.007), whereas low-dose cooling produced only a trend toward improvement (0.053 +/- 0.031, p = 0.09), but the difference between conditions was not significant. Timed gait testing and visual acuity/contrast sensitivity improved in both conditions as well. When patients underwent acute cooling following a month of daily cooling, treatment effects were similar. Patients reported less fatigue during the month of daily cooling, concurrently on the Rochester Fatigue Diary and retrospectively on the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale. CONCLUSIONS: Cooling therapy was associated with objectively measurable but modest improvements in motor and visual function as well as persistent subjective benefits.

Determinación de la calidad higiénica e invesigación de Salmonella spp y Yersinia enterocolitica en halados / Determination of the sanitary quality and research of Salmonella spp and Yersinia enterocolítica in ice-creams

Con el prepósito de ocnocer la calidad sanitaria de helados de fabricación industrial y semiindustrial y la presencia de especies patógenas o potencialmente patógenas de Salmonela y Yersinia enterocolítica, se examinaron 50 muestras procedentes de 5 establecimientos en la ciudad de San Luis. El recuento de coliformes fue positivo en el 100% de las muestras con valores < ou 20/g. El 14,0% de las muestras fueron positivas para Staphylococcus aureus en 1 g. en el recuento en placas 12,0% dieron menos de 10 u.f.c./g, 4,0% entre 101 y 1000 y 4,0% entre 10001 y 10000. Se aislaron 15 cepas, 26,6% ecovar A (humano) y las restantes C (bovino). todas fueron sensibles a cloranfenicolm cefalosporina y eritromicina; 46,6% a penicilina G y ampicilina; 93,3% a Kanamicina (6,6% intermedias = I); 73,3% a meticilina (26,6% I); 86,6% a tetraciclina (13,3% I). el 6,0% de las muestras superó el límite de aceptabilidad para S. aureus. No se hubo aislamiento de Salmonella spp. El 40% de las muestras se aisló Y. enterocolótica, una de ellas tipicada como B1; 0:3,50, 51; Lis Xz. El hallazgo de estas últimas en muestras con valores de coliforme inferiores al límite establecido en algunas legislaciones, sugiere una contaminación post procesamiento (AU)

Determinación de la calidad higiénica e invesigación de Salmonella spp y Yersinia enterocolitica en halados / Determination of the sanitary quality and research of Salmonella spp and Yersinia enterocolítica in ice-creams

Con el prepósito de ocnocer la calidad sanitaria de helados de fabricación industrial y semiindustrial y la presencia de especies patógenas o potencialmente patógenas de Salmonela y Yersinia enterocolítica, se examinaron 50 muestras procedentes de 5 establecimientos en la ciudad de San Luis. El recuento de coliformes fue positivo en el 100% de las muestras con valores < ou 20/g. El 14,0% de las muestras fueron positivas para Staphylococcus aureus en 1 g. en el recuento en placas 12,0% dieron menos de 10 u.f.c./g, 4,0% entre 101 y 1000 y 4,0% entre 10001 y 10000. Se aislaron 15 cepas, 26,6% ecovar A (humano) y las restantes C (bovino). todas fueron sensibles a cloranfenicolm cefalosporina y eritromicina; 46,6% a penicilina G y ampicilina; 93,3% a Kanamicina (6,6% intermedias = I); 73,3% a meticilina (26,6% I); 86,6% a tetraciclina (13,3% I). el 6,0% de las muestras superó el límite de aceptabilidad para S. aureus. No se hubo aislamiento de Salmonella spp. El 40% de las muestras se aisló Y. enterocolótica, una de ellas tipicada como B1; 0:3,50, 51; Lis Xz. El hallazgo de estas últimas en muestras con valores de coliforme inferiores al límite establecido en algunas legislaciones, sugiere una contaminación post procesamiento

Staphylococcus aureus productores de toxina del sindrome del shock toxico-1 en el tracto genital inferior femenino / Staphylococcus aureus producers of TSST-1 isolated from the female lower genital tract in San Luis, Argentina

Se investigó la presencia de Staphylococcus aureus en el tracto genital inferior de 102 mujeres sanas entre 18 y 48 años de edad en la ciudad de San Luis (Argentina). Se obtuvieron 306 muestras de labios, introito y fondo de saco vaginal. Los materiales, previa coloración de Gram, fueron sembrados en agar sangre, agar salino monitol y en el medio de Baird-Parker. Las cepas se identificaron por producción de coagulasa en tubo, terminucleasa, pigmentación, oxidación-fermentación de glucosa y manitol, hemolisina, fibrinolisina y susceptibilidad a novobiocina. Se ensayó la susceptibilidad a los antibióticos, detección de enterotoxinas y de toxina del sindrome del shock tóxico (TSST-1). En 13,7% de las mujeres se aisló S. aureus: 10,7% en labios, 3,9% en introito y 3,9% en vagina. Algunas cepas fueron halladas en dos o más regiones. Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a cefalotina, clindamicina, eritromicina, gentamicina y cloramfenicol; 21,0% tuvieron sensibilidad intermedia a meticilina, 94,7% fueron resistentes a penicilina, 15,7% a meticilina y 21,0% a tetraciclina. El 15,7% de las cepas produjeron enterotoxinas B y D, respectivamente, 5,2% enterotoxina C, 15,7% TSST-1. Una de las cepas (5,2%) produjo enterotoxina B y TSST-1. El 100% de las cepas produjo hemolisinas. Se identificaron Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos en el 40,1% de las muestras de fondo de saco vaginal correspondiendo 30,3% a S. epidermidis y 9,8% a S, saprophyticus (AU)