Views on aging among undergraduates, faculty, and staff: Domain-specific measurement invariance and comparisons.

Views on aging have been shown to reliably predict various psychological and physical health outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the first study exploring domain-specific views on aging using a university sample including students, faculty, and staff (N = 646). Specifically, we assessed how one's age stereotypes (AS), current self-views on aging (CS), and future self-views on aging (FS) vary among students, faculty, and staff by age and by eight everyday functioning domains using an existing domain-specific scale. In general, the older one becomes, the more positive one's views on aging are in various domains with a few exceptions. No single group (e.g., students, faculty, or staff) consistently had more positive views across domains than the other groups. Moreover, faculty and staff tended to share similar views on aging compared to students. The most salient difference between students and faculty/staff was in the finance domain; students had more positive age stereotypes and future self-views than faculty and staff but not for current self-views. The results highlight the importance of examining the domain-specific age stereotypes, current and future self-views on aging to understand the differences among university populations and provide implications for future educational programs on ageism.

Shoulder injury in water polo: A systematic review of incidence and intrinsic risk factors.

OBJECTIVES: Water polo is a popular water-based contact sport that involves swimming, throwing and defending. Cumulatively, these repetitive overhead activities are thought to increase the risk of shoulder injury and, subsequently to affect players' physical conditioning as well as team performance. The purpose of this review was to examine available evidence relating to shoulder injury rates and risk factors for shoulder injury in water polo. DESIGN: Systematic review METHODS: CINAHL, AUSPORT, Pubmed, Pedro and SPORTDiscus databases were searched for original research papers using the predefined terms ("water polo") AND (shoulder OR glenohumeral* OR arm OR "upper limb"). RESULTS: Twenty papers were identified as suitable for inclusion. Reported shoulder injury rates varied from 24% - 51%. Shoulder injuries were more likely to become chronic compared to all other reported injuries. Injury data during the last three World Championships indicates an increasing rate of shoulder injuries-per-year with participation in aquatic sports. Risk for shoulder injury in water polo is multi-factorial. Volume of shooting, range of motion, scapular dyskinesis, strength imbalance, proprioceptive deficit and altered throwing kinematics have been proposed to be associated with an increased risk of injury. CONCLUSIONS: Although this review showed water polo to have a high propensity for shoulder injury, the descriptive nature of the included papers limited the inferences that could be drawn from the pooled literature. Future directions for research include collecting normative data for shoulder range of motion, strength ratio and proprioception with prospective analysis of these attributes in relation to injury rates and time lost.