A Coordinated Approach to Food Safety and Land Use Law at the Urban Fringe.

Much has been written about the rise of the local food movement in urban and suburban areas. This essay tackles an emerging outgrowth of that movement: the growing desire of urban and suburban dwellers to engage rural areas where food is produced not only to obtain food but also as a means of tourism and cultural activity. This represents a potentially much-needed means of economic development for rural areas and small farmers who are increasingly dependent on non-farm income for survival. The problem, however, is that food safety and land use laws struggle to keep up with these changes, waffling between over-regulation and de-regulation. This essay posits a legal path forward to steer clear of regulatory extremes and to help the local food movement grow and prosper at the urban fringe. We must cultivate our garden.

A study of the ground and excited states of Al3 and Al3(-). II. Computational analysis of the 488 nm anion photoelectron spectrum and a reconsideration of the Al3 bond dissociation energy.

Computational results are reported for the ground and low-lying excited electronic states of Al(3)(-) and Al(3) and compared with the available spectroscopic data. In agreement with previous assignments, the six photodetachment transitions observed in the vibrationally resolved 488 nm photoelectron spectrum of Al(3)(-) are assigned as arising from the ground X (1)A(1) (')((1)A(1)) and excited (3)B(2) states of Al(3)(-) and accessing the ground X (2)A(1)(')((2)A(1)) and excited (2)A(2)(")((2)B(1)), (4)A(2), and (2)B(2) states of Al(3) (with C(2v) labels for D(3h) states in parentheses). Geometries and vibrational frequencies obtained by PBE0 hybrid density functional calculations using the 6-311+G(3d2f) basis set and energies calculated using coupled cluster theory with single and double excitations and a quasiperturbative treatment of connected triple excitations (CCSD(T)) with the aug-cc-pVxZ {x=D, T, Q} basis sets with exponential extrapolation to the complete basis set limit are in good agreement with experiment. Franck-Condon spectra calculated in the harmonic approximation, using either the Sharp-Rosenstock-Chen method which includes Duschinsky rotation or the parallel-mode Hutchisson method, also agree well with the observed spectra. Possible assignments for the higher-energy bands observed in the previously reported UV photoelectron spectra are suggested. Descriptions of the photodetachment transition between the Al(3)(-) and Al(3) ground states in terms of natural bond order (NBO) analyses and total electron density difference distributions are discussed. A reinterpretation of the vibrational structure in the resonant two-photon ionization spectrum of Al(3) is proposed, which supports its original assignment as arising from the X (2)A(1)(') ground state, giving an Al(3) bond dissociation energy, D(0)(Al(2)-Al), of 2.403+/-0.001 eV. With this reduction by 0.3 eV from the currently recommended value, the present calculated dissociation energies of Al(3), Al(3)(-), and Al(3)(+) are consistent with the experimental data.