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INTRODUCTION: Cocaine use disorder is a chronic disease with severe consequences and a high relapse rate. There is a critical need to explore the factors influencing relapse in order to achieve more efficient treatment outcomes. Furthermore, there is a great need for easy-to-measure, repeatable, and valid biomarkers that can predict treatment response or relapse. METHODS: We reviewed the available literature on the Pubmed database concerning the biomarkers associated with relapse in CUD, including central nervous system-derived, genetic, immune, oxidative stress, and "other" biomarkers. RESULTS: Fifty-one articles were included in our analysis. Twenty-five imaging brain anatomic and function assessment studies, mostly using fMRI, examined the role of several structures such as the striatum activity in abstinence prediction. There were fewer studies assessing the use of neuropsychological factors, neurotrophins, or genetic/genomic factors, immune system, or oxidative stress measures to predict abstinence. CONCLUSION: Several biomarkers have been shown to have predictive value. Prospective studies using combined multimodal assessments are now warranted.
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Epidemiology of illicit substances use in france The landscape of illicit substances use is evolving in France, with dealers going digital. Cannabis and cocaine are consumed by 44% and 5% of French subjects, respectively, and are the most frequent motive for care. Other illicit substances such as ecstasy (MDMA), amphetamines, LSD and other hallucinogenic products are used by 2-3% of French subjects. Heroin and other opiates, although regularly used by less than 1% of French subjects, are provoking both a severe dependence and medical complications that require a specific treatment.
Épidémiologie des substances illicites en france Le paysage de l'usage des drogues illicites en France est mouvant, avec des modes d'approvisionnement et des réseaux de trafic qui se digitalisent. Le cannabis et la cocaïne ont déjà été consommés par 44 % et 5 % des Français respectivement, et sont à l'origine de la majorité des demandes de soins. D'autres substances sont consommées par 2-3 % des français, ce sont l'ecstasy (MDMA), les amphétamines, le LSD et les champignons hallucinogènes. L'héroïne et les autres opiacés, bien que consommés régulièrement par moins de 1 % des français, sont à l'origine d'une dépendance et de complications sévères dont le traitement est bien codifié.