Influence of acupuncture needle physical-chemical properties on needling quality.

OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed the physical-chemical properties of three different brands of acupuncture needle, classified by acupuncturists as high (A), medium (B) and low (C) quality. METHODS: Experienced acupuncturists, rated, in terms of perceived needling quality, three acupuncture needle brands as high (A), medium (B) and low (C) quality. Next, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the tip and surface finish of the needles of each brand were analyzed. A mechanical test was developed and performed to evaluate the compressive force required to insert the needles through a smooth surface (silicon). In addition, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and dispersive energy spectroscopy (DES) were conducted to analyze the material composition of the needles and presence of oxidation. RESULTS: SEM images revealed that needle brands A and B presented a sharper tip and a more regular surface finish in comparison to brand C. In the insertion test, needle brands A and B had similar performance characteristics, with A requiring less force to penetrate the silicon device when compared to B, while C failed to penetrate the silicon and complete the test. The XRF analysis did not reveal any differences in material composition between the three brands. However, brand C exhibited particles embedded on the needle surface and DES confirmed oxidation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that perceived needling quality by acupuncturists can be correlated with physical-chemical properties of the needles, especially those related to finishing quality of the tip and the surface of the needles.

Profile of acupuncture use among primary care physicians working in the Brazilian public healthcare system.

BACKGROUND: An introductory acupuncture course has been offered to primary health care physicians and family medicine residents in southern Brazil since 2011. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the profile of acupuncture utilization of primary care physicians who completed an introductory course of acupuncture between 2011 and 2018. METHOD: A survey using an electronic questionnaire was sent to all 119 physicians who completed the course. RESULTS: Fifty-five physicians answered the questionnaire. The majority of them reported continuation of the practice of acupuncture in scheduled appointments and on spontaneous demand. The most commonly used principles of point selection were traditional acupuncture point function, myofascial trigger point needling and point protocols. As barriers to the practice of acupuncture, time limitation and inadequate physical space were predominant. The participants described the problem-solving potential of the procedure and good patient acceptance as facilitators. The most common problems treated with acupuncture were musculoskeletal pain, and mood and anxiety disorders. A reduction in referrals to specialists and reduced prescription of pain medications were also reported. Most physicians answered that they often combined acupuncture with other medications or associated acupuncture with other complementary practices. The main adverse events reported by the participants were vascular trauma and fainting. CONCLUSION: Most primary care physicians who completed the introductory course and answered the survey still used acupuncture in their routine, primarily for the management of musculoskeletal conditions and mental health conditions. These physicians reported reductions in specialist referrals and prescription of pain medication after integrating basic acupuncture skills into primary care practice.

Integrating acupuncture into primary health care: the experience of an educational model implemented within the Brazilian Unified Health System in Florianópolis.

OBJECTIVE: Primary health care (PHC) is the main entry point and the first level of contact for individuals, families and communities within the Brazilian public health system. Considering that few studies have investigated the use of acupuncture in PHC, this article presents our experience in the city of Florianópolis when integrating acupuncture into PHC using an educational programme developed to teach acupuncture to primary care physicians (PCPs). METHODS: The course programme was designed using the WHO standards for acupuncture training and discussed at three consensus meetings. Between 2011 and 2014 three iterations of an introductory acupuncture course for PCPs were offered. During this period 53 physicians finished the programme. RESULTS: The number of acupuncture sessions in PHC rose from 1349 in 2011 to 6488 in 2015. It was observed in 2015 that 81% of the course participants working in PHC were regularly using acupuncture in their daily practice, with a mean number of sessions of 11.35 sessions per month. Moreover, collaborative work, which started during the course between the PCPs and the acupuncture specialists in secondary and tertiary public health care, helped to increase the quality of acupuncture referrals and facilitate clinical case discussions. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience in the city of Florianópolis shows that teaching acupuncture to PCPs is a sustainable model that can help introduce acupuncture into PHC. Furthermore it can expand access to acupuncture treatment for the population and increase the communication between PCPs and acupuncture specialists.

Status and Impact of Acupuncture Research: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global and Brazilian Scientific Output from 2000 to 2014.

OBJECTIVE: This bibliometric study was designed to evaluate the scientific output of Brazilian acupuncture publications and compare that output to the global trends in the same area. METHODS: The analyzed data were retrieved from the online version of Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) database and covered the period from 2000 to 2014. The documents were searched by using the topic filter to find acupuncture-related documents (ARDs) and the title filter for acupuncture-specific documents (ASDs). The analyzed categories included number of publications, type of documents, number of citations, universities/institutions, research areas, and journals. RESULTS: A total of 9301 ARDs and 5974 ASDs were published in the past 15 years worldwide. The global average number of citations per document was 10.61 for ARDs and 9.24 for ASDs. Brazil has published 252 ARDs and 169 ASDs, which corresponds to the tenth and ninth positions on the global correspondent rankings. The United States is the most productive country, with 2503 ARD publications, followed by China with 2143 and South Korea with 925. Norway is in the first position for the ARD citation rank, with 25.77 citations per document; Switzerland is in the first position for the ASD citation rank, with 26.66. Brazil has 4.19 citations per document, which corresponds to the 20th position in the ASD citation rankings. Evidence-Based Complementary Medicine, Acupuncture in Medicine, and The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine are the leading journals in terms of numbers of ARDs and ASDs in Brazil and globally. CONCLUSION: The bibliometric analysis of the SCI-E database shows that global numbers of ARDs and ASDs and citations have constantly increased from 2000 to 2014. Brazil is among the top 10 most productive countries in the world in terms of number of acupuncture publications. However, the number of citations of Brazilian documents is below the global average.

Atitude de Estudantes de Medicina frente a Terapias Alternativas e Complementares / Medical Students’ Attitudes toward Alternative and Complementary Therapies

O uso das Terapias Alternativas e Complementares (TAC) vem aumentando ao longo dos anos no Brasil e no mundo com o advento de políticas de saúde favoráveis ao emprego dessas práticas. No entanto, as escolas médicas ainda não oferecem disciplinas curriculares sobre este tema. Com o intuito de descrever as atitudes dos estudantes de Medicina de uma universidade do Sul do Brasil com relação às terapias complementares, foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal descritivo, por meio da aplicação de um questionário. Houve 65,22% de taxa de resposta, e a terapia mais conhecida pelos estudantes foi a Fitoterapia (90,3%). A maioria deles demonstrou atitudes favoráveis com relação às terapias, e 75,26% gostariam de aprender sobre o tema em aulas curriculares.

The use of Complementary and Alternative Therapies (CAT) has been increasing over the years in Brazil and worldwide, with the advent of health policies that favor the use of these practices. However, medical schools still do not offer curricular disciplines on these topics. In order to describe the attitudes of Brazilian medical students toward complementary therapies a cross-sectional observational study was conducted by means of a questionnaire. There was a 65.22% response rate and the best-known therapy among students was Phytotherapy (90.3%). Most students showed positive attitudes toward these therapies, and 75.26% would like to learn about the topic in curricular classes. Our results have shown a favorable attitude on the part of medical students in relation to complementary therapies, as well as some knowledge about them. Students demonsatrated willingness to learn about these topics during curricular lectures.

Teaching acupuncture: the Brazilian Medical Residency Programme.

Acupuncture has had a successful story in Brazil. With its use in the public health system supported by legislation since 1988, its recognition as a medical specialty in 1995 enabled the introduction of an annual board examination and the creation of an official Medical Residency Programme. Since then, medical acupuncture has developed considerably, mostly through its massive spread into the Brazilian public health system. Brazil is the only country outside China that has created a Medical Residency Programme on Acupuncture. The 2-year programme consists of 5760 training hours, beginning with major clinical areas (internal medicine, neurology, orthopaedics and gynaecology) during 24 weeks in the first year. The residents study and practice acupuncture using the traditional Chinese Medicine approach and also the biomedical model. Specialists educated by this programme are therefore expected to have an optimum knowledge of both Western and Eastern medicine. Since it was first created, nine public health institutions have adopted the residency programme on acupuncture so, rather than being an alternative therapy, acupuncture has become an easily accessible and well-accepted conventional medical resource in Brazil.

Acupuncture for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common, costly, and difficult to treat disorder that impairs health-related quality of life and work productivity. Evidence-based treatment guidelines have been unable to provide guidance on the effects of acupuncture for IBS because the only previous systematic review included only small, heterogeneous and methodologically unsound trials. OBJECTIVES: The primary objectives were to assess the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for treating IBS. SEARCH METHODS: MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, and the Chinese databases Sino-Med, CNKI, and VIP were searched through November 2011. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared acupuncture with sham acupuncture, other active treatments, or no (specific) treatment, and RCTs that evaluated acupuncture as an adjuvant to another treatment, in adults with IBS were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias and extracted data. We extracted data for the outcomes overall IBS symptom severity and health-related quality of life. For dichotomous data (e.g. the IBS Adequate Relief Question), we calculated a pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for substantial improvement in symptom severity after treatment. For continuous data (e.g. the IBS Severity Scoring System), we calculated the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI in post-treatment scores between groups. MAIN RESULTS: Seventeen RCTs (1806 participants) were included. Five RCTs compared acupuncture versus sham acupuncture. The risk of bias in these studies was low. We found no evidence of an improvement with acupuncture relative to sham (placebo) acupuncture for symptom severity (SMD -0.11, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.13; 4 RCTs; 281 patients) or quality of life (SMD = -0.03, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.22; 3 RCTs; 253 patients). Sensitivity analyses based on study quality did not change the results. A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence for the primary outcomes in the sham controlled trials was moderate due to sparse data. The risk of bias in the four Chinese language comparative effectiveness trials that compared acupuncture with drug treatment was high due to lack of blinding. The risk of bias in the other studies that did not use a sham control was high due to lack of blinding or inadequate methods used for randomization and allocation concealment or both. Acupuncture was significantly more effective than pharmacological therapy and no specific treatment. Eighty-four per cent of patients in the acupuncture group had improvement in symptom severity compared to 63% of patients in the pharmacological treatment group (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.45; 5 studies, 449 patients). A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence for this outcome was low due to a high risk of bias (no blinding) and sparse data. Sixty-three per cent of patients in the acupuncture group had improvement in symptom severity compared to 34% of patients in the no specific therapy group (RR 2.11, 95% CI 1.18 to 3.79; 2 studies, 181 patients). There was no statistically significant difference between acupuncture and Bifidobacterium (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.27; 2 studies; 181 patients) or between acupuncture and psychotherapy (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.26; 1 study; 100 patients). Acupuncture as an adjuvant to another Chinese medicine treatment was significantly better than the other treatment alone. Ninety-three per cent of patients in the adjuvant acupuncture group improved compared to 79% of patients who received Chinese medicine alone (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.33; 4 studies; 466 patients). There was one adverse event (i.e. acupuncture syncope) associated with acupuncture in the 9 trials that reported this outcome, although relatively small sample sizes limit the usefulness of these safety data. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Sham-controlled RCTs have found no benefits of acupuncture relative to a credible sham acupuncture control for IBS symptom severity or IBS-related quality of life. In comparative effectiveness Chinese trials, patients reported greater benefits from acupuncture than from two antispasmodic drugs (pinaverium bromide and trimebutine maleate), both of which have been shown to provide a modest benefit for IBS. Future trials may help clarify whether or not these reportedly greater benefits of acupuncture relative to pharmacological therapies are due entirely to patients' preferences for acupuncture or greater expectations of improvement on acupuncture relative to drug therapy.

Grupos de Interação Social (GIS): estratégia de empowerment para pessoas com epilepsia / Social Interaction Group (GIS): a strategy of empowerment for people with epilepsy

INTRODUÇÃO: O manejo da epilepsia vai além de controle das crises e, para uma abordagem integrativa, começamos a trabalhar com os Grupos de Interação Social (GIS) na epilepsia. OBJETIVO: Realizar grupos em profissionais da saúde e educação para que eles possam se apoderar desta dinâmica para depois aplicá-los em suas comunidades, locais de trabalho, com seus pacientes e equipe de trabalho. METODOLOGIA: foram realizados dois GIS - com 21 profissionais da área social, saúde e educação na cidade de Pedreira. Para avaliar mudanças, foram aplicados questionários validados (Questionário de Autoestima, Questionário de Resiliência, Inventário de Habilidades Sociais e Escala de Estigma na Epilepsia) antes e depois dos GIS. RESULTADOS: Os grupos permitiram aprender mais sobre epilepsia, trocar experiências e contribuir para o crescimento pessoal e profissional, reforçando a solidariedade e a prática da cidadania. Além disso, o uso da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa reforçou a visão do ser humano como ser integral. Os questionários aplicados no início dos grupos (pré-teste) e ao final (pós-teste) mostraram mudanças positivas. CONCLUSÕES: Pôde-se observar uma melhora em todos os itens avaliados, mostrando que os sujeitos, mesmo sendo profissionais, puderam melhorar suas habilidades sociais e com isso, seu poder de resiliência. A aplicação do GIS é prática, com baixos custos de operacionalização, o que permite sua utilização em locais diversos e pode ser útil para outras situações ou condições crônicas com impacto semelhante ao da epilepsia.

INTRODUCTION: The management of epilepsy goes beyond seizure control. So, the Social Interaction Groups (GIS) is an alternative to this integrative approach in epilepsy. PURPOSE: To carry out groups dynamics for health allied professional, social workers, and educators in order for them to use GIS in their communities and for patients. METHODOLOGY: We conducted two GIS - with 21 professionals from social, education and health Departments of city Pedreira. We used validated questionnaires (Self-Esteem Questionnaire, Resilience Questionnaire, Social Skills Inventory and Stigma Scale of Epilepsy) before and after the GIS. RESULTS: The groups showed improvement in knowledge about epilepsy and allowed to share experiences and contribute to solidarity and sense of citizenship. In addition, the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine has reinforced the holistic view of human being. The questionnaires used (pre and post-test) showed positive changes. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed an improvement in all items evaluated, showing that subjects could improve their social skills and, consequently, their resilience. The application of GIS is practical, with a low-cost operation and allows performance in other locations within other situations of chronic conditions that have similar epilepsy's impact.

Hipomagnesemia - grau de conhecimentos médicos / Magnesium deficiency - medical knowledge degree

Avaliar conhecimentos sobre a hipomagnesemia dos preceptores da Residência da Clínica Médica do Hospital Regional de Säo José, Säo José, SC. Aplicaçäo de questionário por escrito, durante uma reuniäo preparatória da Residência, para 18 clínicos do serviço. Todos os questionários foram recolhidos ao final da reuniäo. Doze (66,67 por cento) dos 18 participantes responderam, sendo sete mulheres (58,33 por cento). Anos de formado: 4 a 25 anos (média e mediana de 11,25). Eram de nove especialidades distintas, 10 (83,33 por cento) completaram residência médica e dois (16,67 por cento) mestrado. cinco (41,67 por cento) trabalhavam na emergência e cinco na UTI. A freqüência estimada da hipomagnesemia era <25 por cento para nove (75 por cento) respondentes. Das causas, o diurético foi citado por sete (58,33 por cento) e o álcool três (25 por cento). Os sintomas mais lembrados foram arritmia - sete (58,33 por cento), convulsäo e alteraçäo de consciência - quatro (33,33 por cento) cada. Sete (58,33 por cento) consideravam a hipomagnesemia uma emergência. Sete (58,33 por cento) solicitavam rotineiramente a dosagem. Outros exames laboratoriais necessários para avaliaçäo inicial: creatinina citada por oito (66,67 por cento), glicemia sete (58,33 por cento), hemograma e potássio: cinco (41,67 por cento), sódio e parcial de urina: três (25 por cento). Nenhum respondente sabia o valor correto da dosagem de Mg. Os respondentes possuíam os conhecimentos adequados e refletiam as diferenças existentes na literatura médica. Isso permitiu as variaçöes clínicas em diagnóstico e terapêutica. Assim, mais que a metade considerava hipomagnesemia como emergência e a mesma quantidade solicitava rotineiramente a dosagem do Mg independente da sintomatologia. E nenhum sabia o custo real do exame.

Sistema especialista para medicina tradicional chinesa / Specialist system to traditional chinese medicine

Este trabalho propõe a implementação de um Sistema Especialista (SE) em medicina tradicional chinesa (MTC), nela inclusa a acupuntura, especialidade médica recente no Brasil. Os objetivos do projeto, as dificuldades no desenvolvimento e algumas soluções encontradas são apresentadas. Há uma breve discussão sobre a MTC e suas peculiaridades e diferenciações em relação à medicina ocidental, que refletem sobre a base de conhecimento (BC) em sua representação e manipulação.

Disritmia cerebral em um hospital universitario

'Disritmia cerebral' (DC) e um diagnostico com alta prevalencia no Brasil. DC e uma expressao amplamente usada por medicos e sociedade em geral, para rotular desordens neuropsiquiatricas. Entretanto, esta condicao esta envolta em controversias, pois os criterios clinicos usados para defini-la sao bem heterogeneos. Em consequencia disso o termo DC persiste sendo empregado em pacientes apresentando diferentes condicoes, tais como retardo mental, neurose, psicose, enxaqueca, disfuncao cerebral minima, disturbio comportamental, demencia e principalmente epilepsia. O diagnostico de DC e comumente 'confirmado' pelo eletroencefalograma e geralmente o 'tratamento' consiste na administracao cronica de drogas antiepilepticas por muitos anos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o significado de DC perante medicos do Hospital Universitario/UFSC. Para a maioria dos medicos consultados DC existe, seu diagnostico e feito pelo EEG e fenobarbital persiste sendo a droga de eleicao. Alem disso, os resultados evidenciaram um precario conhecimento de epilepsia e suas manifestacoes por parte destes profissionais, similar ao exibido pela populacao em geral. A melhoria do ensino de epileptologia nas escolas medicas e uma necessidade premente.