[Quantitative aspects of an analysis of the multicomponent system during its transition to a qualitatively new condition]. / Kolichestvennye aspekty analiza mnogokomponentnoi sistemy pri perekhode ee v kachestvenno novoe sostoianie.

The paper shows that any system acquires a qualitatively new state if the elements of this system change in number (increase or decrease relative to the standard reference point, i.e. normalcy, the prior status of the system, etc. by less than one third).

[Disruption of microbiocenosis of the large intestine and the immune and interferon status in children with bacterial complications of acute viral infections of the respiratory tract and their correction by high doses of bifidumbacterin forte]. / Narusheniia mikrobiotsenoza tolstoi kishki, immunnogo i interferonovogo statusa u detei s bakterial'nymi oslozhneniiami ORVI i rezul'taty ikh korrektsii bol'shimi dozami bifidumbakterina forte.

One hundred and twenty-nine children with acute viral and bacterial infection of the respiratory tract were examined and disturbance of the large intestine microflora was detected. It was characterized by significant reduction of lactobacilli, moderate growth of opportunistic bacteria and higher contents of Candida. Changes in T- and especially B-cellular immunity were observed in 35 per cent of the patients. In patients with decreased avidity of the immunoglobulins G in the peripheral blood the changes were observed in 82-100 per cent of the cases. In the majority of the patients the capacity for interferon genesis was suppressed. A shorten course (5 days) of the bifidumbacterin forte therapy in a dose of not less than 10(9) CFU/ml. normalized the intestinal microflora, improved the indices of the B- and T-cellular immunity (including the subpopulation of the T-helper cells but not the T-suppressor cells), stimulated NK and improved the ability to induce alfa- and gamma-interferons of the peripheral blood leukocytes. The experience with using high doses of bifidumbacterin forte was evident of its good tolerance and possible value in increasing the patient resistance to infection.

[Combined antibacterial and probiotic therapy of Helicobacter-associated diseases in children]. / Sochetannaia antibakterial'naia i probioticheskaia terapiia khelikobakterassotsiirovannykh zabolevanii u detei.

On the basis of microbiological monitoring and clinico-morphological criteria, the use of probiotics containing lacto- and bifidobacteria, simultaneously with "triple" antibacterial therapy (antibiotics of choice, metronidazole and bismuth salts), has been found to produce curative effect in the treatment of Helicobacter-associated gastroduodenal pathology in children. The influence of "triple" antibacterial therapy on the microecology of the gastrointestinal tract and the state of the immunobiological status of patients was studied. The combined scheme for correcting damaged microbiocenosis with probiotics in accordance with the concept of microecological adequacy is proposed. The scheme includes modern antibacterial therapy in combination with the probiotic preparations of lactobacteria. The prescription of bifidobacteria-containing probiotics is recommended at early stages from the beginning of etiotropic therapy. The effectiveness of the therapy may be dynamically evaluated, starting from week 5 after the end of the complex therapy, in EIA with the use of specific anti-Helicobacter antibodies.

[Effectiveness of acipole in prevention of enteric dysbacteriosis due to antibacterial therapy]. / Effektivnost' atsipola v profilaktike disbakterioza kishechnika pri antibakterial'noi terapii.

Acipole (Lactobacillus acidophilus + Kefir greins) was used to manage antibiotic dysbacteriosis as an adverse reaction of antibacterial therapy. 120 patients treated with antibacterial drugs for acute pneumonia and exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were observed. 54 of them were treated under the routine regimen with antibiotics and 66 were additionally treated with the eubiotic acipole: 1 tablet (5 doses) 3 times a day 30 minutes before meal. Routine bacteriological examination of the feces was applied to all the patients. High frequency of bacteriologically revealed dysbacteriosis was stated. The therapy under the antibiotic + acipole regimen lowered the frequency of dysbacteriosis events and their severity. The fact that the use of acipole simultaneously with the routine antibacterial therapy prevented the development of dysbacteriosis clinical signs is of practical importance.

[Bacterial endotoxinemia in children with intestinal dysbacteriosis]. / Bakterial'naia éndotoksinemiia u detei s disbiozom kishechnika.

34 children with gastrointestinal diseases of infectious, allergic and mixed etiology were examined. The state of normal microflora in the large intestine as indicated by fecal bacterial charts and the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the contents of the intestine as indicated by the results of radial immunodiffusion were studied. In addition, the content of endotoxin in the children's plasma was determined with the use of the Limulus (LAL) test. The presence of endotoxin in the plasma of children with intestinal dysbiosis was determined in 71.1% of cases. The frequency of the detection of antigenemia was found to be related to the severity of manifestations of dysbiotic changes in the intestine and to the level of sIgA in fecal supernatants. The inclusion of the probiotic preparation Bifidumbacterin forte containing live bifidobacteria adsorbed on activated charcoal into the complex therapy of digestive tract diseases ensured a decrease in the detection rate of endotoxinemia, which correlated with the tendency towards the normalization of defective intestinal microflora.

[Colonic microenvironment in familial helicobacter infection]. / Mikroékologiia tolstoi kishki pri semeinom khelikobakterioze.

To elucidate the significance of the familial microenvironment in the genesis of Helicobacter infection, a clinical and instrumental investigation was made of 13 families selected by the probands who had digestive diseases associated with H. pylori: gastroduodenitis and duodenal ulcer disease. The occurrence of Helicobacter infection and gastritis in the family members was ascertained to be largely determined by their concurrent residence in the limited area, i.e. by the way of life. The contribution of the "family" factor in antral gastritis, fundal gastritis, and H. pylori infection was 60.0, 40.0, and about 90.0%, respectively. The patients with gastroenterological abnormalities associated with H. pylori were found to show changes in the species-specific and quantitative composition of the colonic microbiocenosis, which were symptomatic and revealed by bacteriological studies in 47.5% of cases and severe in 32.5%. When antihelicobacter therapy is planned, a through treatment of all family members and, if possible, pets should be made. Colonic microbiocenosis should be monitored while treating Helicobacter infection.

[Factors in the persistence of opportunistic microorganisms in dysbacteriosis of the gastrointestinal tract]. / Faktory persistentsii uslovno patogennykh mikroorganizmov pri disbakterioze zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta.

The presence of correlation between the quantitative content of individual carboxylic acids and aromatic compounds of microbial origin in feces and the degree of the antagonistic activity of feces was proved in experiments on conventional laboratory rats receiving therapeutic doses of tetracyclin and pefloxacin for 8 days. Antagonistic activity was regarded as one of the factors of the colonization resistance of the intestine to the invasion of opportunistic microorganisms, and microbial metabolites studied in this work were regarded as factors contributing to the persistence of these microorganisms.

[Amoxycillin/potassium clavulanate in inpatients with bronchopulmonary infections]. / 'Effektivnost'amoksatsilin/klavunata kaliya pri lechenii bronkholegochnykh infektsil v statsionare.

Step-by-step therapy of patients with pneumonia and exacerbated chronic bronchitis with amoxyclav (amoxycillin/potassium clavulanate) in a dose of 1.2 g administered intravenously dropwise every 8 hours for the first 2 days of the treatment with subsequent oral use of the drug in a dose of 625 mg thrice a day for 5 days proved to be highly efficient. The recovery and improvement were stated in 19 (95 per cent) out of 20 patients. The adverse reaction (urticaria) was observed in 1 patient. Identical results were recorded in a comparative randomized trial with the use of cefotaxime in a dose of 1.0 g intramuscularly every 8 hours for 7 days. The pharmacoeconomic estimate showed the expediency of the step-by-step therapy with the use of amoxycillin/potassium clavulanate.

[Ceftriaxone (Rocefin) in the treatment of bronchopulmonary infections]. / Tseftriakson (rotsefin) pri lechenii bronkholegochnykh infektsii.

Ceftriaxone, cephalosporin of the third generation, was given to 40 adults admitted to hospital for bronchopulmonary infections. Pneumonia and aggravation of chronic bronchitis were diagnosed in 27 and 13 patients, respectively. The drug was given in a single daily dose 1-2 g intravenously or intramuscularly. Mean duration of the treatment course was 6.13 days. High efficacy of the antibiotic ceftriaxone was observed in 38(95%) patients. One woman failed the treatment. She had pneumonia following polychemotherapy for advanced breast cancer. The drug tolerance was good. Only one allergic reaction occurred. The study of the sensitivity of 333 strains of the bacteria isolated from the sputum of 235 pulmonological patients showed that the absolute majority of the strains (98%) of both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms are suppressed by ceftriaxone. Thus, the conclusion is made on efficacy of ceftriaxone against bronchopulmonary infections. The drug is applicable both in hospitals and outpatiently.

[Dirithromycin in the treatment of infections of the lower respiratory tract]. / Diritromitsin v lechenii infektsii nizhnikh dykhatel'nykh putei.

Good results of the treatment of patients with lower respiratory tract infections with dirithromycin (Eli Lilly, USA), a new semisynthetic macrolide, were recorded. The trial included 15 patients: 6 with acute bronchitis (AB) and 9 with exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AB) and 9 with exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (ECB). The antibiotic was administered orally in a single dose of 500 mg once a day for 7 days. The treatment efficacy was estimated by the clinical results and laboratory findings. The sputum specimens were investigated bacteriologically with testing the microflora for the drug susceptibility by using the diffusion disks. 50 per cent of the patients with AB isolated Streptococcus viridans with low (the diameter of the growth inhibition zones < 16 mm) and intermediate (16-17 mm) susceptibility to the antibiotic, 33.3 per cent of the patients isolated highly susceptible (19 mm) strains of Str. pneumonia and 16.7 per cent of the patients isolated resistant (15 mm) strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Highly susceptible (17-19 mm) strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Str. viridans were isolated respectively from 55.5 and 45.5 per cent of the patients with ECB. In 4 patients with ECB a clinical improvement of the state was recorded. In the other patients with AB and ECB the recovery was stated. The bacteriological tests revealed a new pathogen in 2 patients with ECB and the failure of the treatment in another 2 patients with ECB. In all the other patients the pathogen was shown to be eradicated. In the patients isolating the new pathogen the symptomatic recovery was stated in the posttherapeutic period. Therefore, diritromycin proved to be efficient in 13 out of the 15 patients with lower respiratory tract infections. It should be noted that the drug tolerance was excellent. None of the patients showed any adverse reactions.

[The leading pathways and factors in the transmission of the causative agents of campylobacteriosis under current conditions]. / Vedushchie puti i faktory peredachi vozbuditelei kampilobakterioza v sovremennykh usloviiakh.

The authors have studied the epidemiological importance of different paths and factors of the transmission of causative agents in the foci of campylobacteriosis, as well as the character and frequency of microbial associations detected in cases of campylobacteriosis. The family foci of campylobacteriosis have been epidemiologically studied and the detected factors contributing to contacting campylobacteriosis have been analyzed. As revealed in this study, 41.6% of the foci of campylobacteriosis are linked with the active action of the alimentary factor, while 37.9% of the foci are linked with the factor of everyday contacts. High frequency of microbial associations with Campylobacter has been established (20.8%), which makes it possible for sporadic cases and especially outbreaks of campylobacteriosis to be disguised as other infections.

[The epidemiological characteristics of single cases of campylobacteriosis in urban inhabitants]. / Epidemiologicheskie kharakteristiki edinichnykh zabolevanii kampilobakteriozom gorodskikh zhitelei.

The results of the analysis of the epidemic situation in Campylobacter infection and the epidemiological markers of the strains of the infective agent have demonstrated that Campylobacter infection, registered as single cases among the residents of Vologda, has an epidemic character. An intensive and uncontrolled process among fowl (chickens) and the absence of effective measures of specific prophylaxis make it necessary that a system of hygienic measures be given priority in the complex of measures aimed at the prophylaxis of Campylobacter infection.

[Quantitative correlation of the content of Campylobacter and sanitary indicative bacteria in surface water]. / Izuchenie kolichestvennykh zavisimostei mezhdu soderzhaniem Kampilobakterii i sanitarno-pokazatelnykh bakterii v poverkhnostnykh vodakh.

Quantitative relations between campylobacteria and sanitary indicating bacteria in surface waters were studied. A correlation between numbers of campylobacteria and lactose-positive bacteria was revealed.

[The leading routes and factors in the transmission of the causative agent of campylobacteriosis under current conditions]. / Vedushchie puti i faktory peredachi vozbuditelia kampilobakterioza v sovremennykh usloviiakh.

Epidemiological investigations carried out at the foci of Campylobacter infection in Moscow and the Moscow region in 1987-1990 demonstrated that Campylobacter infection was recently registered as sporadic cases in a few foci. The alimentary route of the transmission of this infection was the main factor of its spread. A high role of everyday contacts in the spread of this infection was noted. The possibility for outbreaks and sporadic cases of Campylobacter infection to be masked by very frequently occurring associations of these bacteria is discussed.

[The epidemiological aspects of campylobacteriosis in children in arid area]. / Epidemiologicheskie aspekty kampilobakterioza u detei v aridnoi zone.

Specific epidemiological features of Campylobacter infection in children in Samarkand Province during the period of 1987-1990 are discussed. The specific proportion of this infection in the total structure of acute enteric infections was, on the average, 8.5%, and Campylobacter carriership among healthy children, 7.0%. Among children with Campylobacter infection, children aged up to 1 year constituted 71.5%. The results of the study of the biological properties of Campylobacter strains isolated from sick and healthy children and their difference from strains isolated in other regions are discussed.

[Risk factors and transmission routes of the causative agents of campylobacteriosis in commercial poultry plants]. / Faktory riska i puti peredachi vozbuditelei kampilobakterioza na promyshlennykh ptitsekompleksakh.

The study, carried out in two regions of the USSR and aimed at estimation of the contamination of products supplied by industrial poultry complexes (IPC), revealed that the contamination of these products was closely related to the Campylobacter contamination of the personnel of IPC. The causes of high Campylobacter contamination of the products of IPC at all technological stages of their production are described. The species, serovars and biovars of Campylobacter strains isolated from different sources were determined, which made it possible to carry out the specific and intraspecific differentiation of these strains.

[Microbial colonization and succession in the large intestine of newborn infants during their stay with mothers at the maternity hospital]. / Mikrobnaia kolonizatsiia i suktsessiia v tolstoi kishke u novorozhdennykh detei pri sovmestnom s mater'iu prebyvanii v rodil'nom dome.

Formation of microflora in the large intestine of 5-day old infants was studied in one of the Moscow maternity homes. The up-to-date procedures for isolation and identification of aerobic and anaerobic organisms were used in the study and the findings were processed on a computer. In the newborns of the maternity home of the "mother-infant" type there was observed colonization of the large intestine with aerobic and anaerobic organisms. A wave-like dynamics in the formation of the symbiotic microflora was revealed. It reflected the phenomenon of the microbial succession in the infants. The attempts to detect microbial interference between the species colonizing the large intestine showed that it was extremely rare in the 5-day old infants. This was likely the reason of the low intestine resistance to the colonization in the newborns which in its turn defined the frequent colonization of the intestine mucosa with S. aureus and the organisms of the Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Citrobacter group.