Parameters of pubertal growth spurt in children and adolescents living at high altitude in Peru

Abstract Objectives: The aim was to estimate the pubertal growth height of children and adolescents living in a high-altitude region of Peru using the Preece-Baines model 1 (1 PB). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in schoolchildren from the department of Puno (Peru) between 3841 and 3874 masl. The age range was between 4 and 17 years. Standing height was evaluated. 1 PB was used to infer the mathematical and biological parameters of stature. Results: Mathematical parameters estimated by the 1 PB model reflected small residual standard error (RSE) values in both sexes (0.25 in boys and 0.27 in girls). In boys, the age at which peak velocity was reached (APHV) was estimated at 13.21 ± 0.33years. While in girls it was 9.96 ± 0.26years (p < 0.05). In general, girls reached APHV (y) 3.25 years earlier than boys. On the other hand, the growth velocity of maximum height [APHV (cm/y)] of boys was higher (6.33 ± 6.06 cm/y) relative to girls (6.06 ± 0.32 cm/y). Estimated final adult height (EFAH) in boys was reached at 166.020 ± 0.99 cm and height at maximum growth velocity (HPHV) was 153.07 ± 0.67 cm, while in girls they were significantly lower (EFAH; 153.74 ± 0.44 cm and HPHV: 139.73 ± 0.84 cm). Conclusions: This study showed that girls living in Puno at a high altitude in Peru reached APHV 3 years earlier than boys and at the same time reflected slower PHV. These results suggest that pubertal growth at high altitudes is slower in both sexes and especially in girls. Thus, modeling physical growth may be an important step in understanding the onset of puberty at different latitudes.

Parameters of pubertal growth spurt in children and adolescents living at high altitude in Peru.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to estimate the pubertal growth height of children and adolescents living in a high-altitude region of Peru using the Preece-Baines model 1 (1 PB). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in schoolchildren from the department of Puno (Peru) between 3841 and 3874 masl. The age range was between 4 and 17 years. Standing height was evaluated. 1 PB was used to infer the mathematical and biological parameters of stature. RESULTS: Mathematical parameters estimated by the 1 PB model reflected small residual standard error (RSE) values in both sexes (0.25 in boys and 0.27 in girls). In boys, the age at which peak velocity was reached (APHV) was estimated at 13.21 ± 0.33years. While in girls it was 9.96 ± 0.26years (p < 0.05). In general, girls reached APHV (y) 3.25 years earlier than boys. On the other hand, the growth velocity of maximum height [APHV (cm/y)] of boys was higher (6.33 ± 6.06 cm/y) relative to girls (6.06 ± 0.32 cm/y). Estimated final adult height (EFAH) in boys was reached at 166.020 ± 0.99 cm and height at maximum growth velocity (HPHV) was 153.07 ± 0.67 cm, while in girls they were significantly lower (EFAH; 153.74 ± 0.44 cm and HPHV: 139.73 ± 0.84 cm). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that girls living in Puno at a high altitude in Peru reached APHV 3 years earlier than boys and at the same time reflected slower PHV. These results suggest that pubertal growth at high altitudes is slower in both sexes and especially in girls. Thus, modeling physical growth may be an important step in understanding the onset of puberty at different latitudes.

Estimation of Pubertal Growth Spurt Parameters in Children and Adolescents Living at Moderate Altitude in Colombia.

Objective: Knowledge of the biological parameters of pubertal growth spurt allows verification of secular changes and exploration of the timing of puberty. The aim of the study was to estimate final height, age at peak height velocity (APHV), and peak height velocity PHV (cm/y) in children and adolescents living at moderate altitude in Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed in 2.295 schoolchildren from Bogotá (Colombia) with an age range from 5.0 to 18.9 years. Height (cm) was assessed. Preece-Baines model 1 (1PB) was used to make inferences about mathematical and biological parameters. Results: The five mathematical parameters estimated in general have reflected quality in the fit to the model, reflecting a small residual error. Final height was reached in boys at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm and in girls at 157.9 ± 0.2 cm. APHV was estimated at 12.71 ± 0.1 years in boys and 10.4 ± 0.2 years in girls. Girls reached APHV 2.2 years earlier than boys. In relation to PHV (cm/y), boys reached higher growth speed in height (7.4 ± 0.4 cm/y), and in girls it was (7.0 ± 0.2 cm/y). Conclusion: It was determined that final height was reached at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm in boys and 157.9 ± 0.2 cm in girls, and APHV (years) and PHV (cm/ye) were reached relatively early and with average peak velocity similar to Asian and Western populations. A large-scale longitudinal study is needed to confirm these findings.

Propuesta de percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez en niños y adolescentes chilenos / Proposal of percentiles to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status in Chilean children and adolescents

Introducción: durante la infancia y la adolescencia existe una gran variabilidad individual en el crecimiento y la maduración biológica, lo que resulta en diferencias en el tamaño, la forma y la composición corporal de los niños y adolescentes de edad similar. Objetivo: proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez (EM) en niños y adolescentes chilenos. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 7292 niños y adolescentes (4214 chicos y 3084 chicas) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila entre 6,0 y 17,9 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y el EM a través de una técnica antropométrica no invasiva basada en la edad cronológica y la estatura de pie. Se utilizó el método LMS para calcular los percentiles. Resultados: el EM calculado en los chicos se observó a los 13,7 ± 0,6 APVC (años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento) y en las chicas a los 12,1 ± 0,6 APVC. Se crearon percentiles para el peso, la estatura, la CC, el IMC y el ICE. Todas las variables antropométricas se incrementan conforme el EM aumenta en APVC. Conclusión: los percentiles propuestos son una alternativa para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del EM en los niños y adolescentes chilenos. Los resultados sugieren que esta técnica no invasiva puede aplicarse en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos. (AU)

Introduction: during childhood and adolescence there is great individual variability in growth and biological maturation, resulting in differences in size, shape and body composition in children and adolescents of similar age. Objective: to propose percentiles to assess physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status (SM) in Chilean children and adolescents. Methods: a descriptive (cross-sectional) study was designed in 7,292 children and adolescents (4214 boys and 3084 girls) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range was 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), waist-height index (WHtR) and SM were calculated through a non-invasive anthropometric technique based on chronological age and standing height. The LMS method was used to calculate percentiles. Results: the SM calculated in boys was observed at 13.7 ± 0.6 APHV (years of peak growth speed) and in girls at 12.1 ± 0.6 APHV. Percentiles were created for weight, height, WC, BMI, and WHtR. All anthropometric variables increase as MS increases in PHV years. Conclusion: the proposed percentiles are an alternative to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of SM in Chilean children and adolescents. The results suggest the use of this non-invasive technique to be applied in clinical and epidemiological contexts. (AU)

[Proposal of percentiles to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status in Chilean children and adolescents]. / Propuesta de percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez en niños y adolescentes chilenos.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: during childhood and adolescence there is great individual variability in growth and biological maturation, resulting in differences in size, shape and body composition in children and adolescents of similar age. Objective: to propose percentiles to assess physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status (SM) in Chilean children and adolescents. Methods: a descriptive (cross-sectional) study was designed in 7,292 children and adolescents (4214 boys and 3084 girls) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range was 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), waist-height index (WHtR) and SM were calculated through a non-invasive anthropometric technique based on chronological age and standing height. The LMS method was used to calculate percentiles. Results: the SM calculated in boys was observed at 13.7 ± 0.6 APHV (years of peak growth speed) and in girls at 12.1 ± 0.6 APHV. Percentiles were created for weight, height, WC, BMI, and WHtR. All anthropometric variables increase as MS increases in PHV years. Conclusion: the proposed percentiles are an alternative to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of SM in Chilean children and adolescents. The results suggest the use of this non-invasive technique to be applied in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: durante la infancia y la adolescencia existe una gran variabilidad individual en el crecimiento y la maduración biológica, lo que resulta en diferencias en el tamaño, la forma y la composición corporal de los niños y adolescentes de edad similar. Objetivo: proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez (EM) en niños y adolescentes chilenos. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 7292 niños y adolescentes (4214 chicos y 3084 chicas) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila entre 6,0 y 17,9 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y el EM a través de una técnica antropométrica no invasiva basada en la edad cronológica y la estatura de pie. Se utilizó el método LMS para calcular los percentiles. Resultados: el EM calculado en los chicos se observó a los 13,7 ± 0,6 APVC (años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento) y en las chicas a los 12,1 ± 0,6 APVC. Se crearon percentiles para el peso, la estatura, la CC, el IMC y el ICE. Todas las variables antropométricas se incrementan conforme el EM aumenta en APVC. Conclusión: los percentiles propuestos son una alternativa para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del EM en los niños y adolescentes chilenos. Los resultados sugieren que esta técnica no invasiva puede aplicarse en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos.