RESUMO
The use of plant-associated bacteria has received many scientific and economic attention as an effective and alternative method to reduce the chemical pesticides use in agriculture. The genus Burkholderia includes at least 90 species including pathogenic strains, plant pathogens, as well as plant beneficial species as those related to Paraburkholderia, which has been reported to be associated with plants and exerts a positive effect on plant growth and fitness. Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN, a beneficial endophyte able to colonize a wide range of plants, is an established model for plant-associated endophytic bacteria. Indeed, in addition to its plant growth promoting ability, it can also induce plant resistance against biotic as well as abiotic stresses. Here, we summarized an inventory of knowledge on PsJN-plant interaction, from the perception to the resistance mechanisms induced in the plant by a way of the atypical colonization mode of this endophyte. We also have carried out an extensive genome analysis to identify all gene clusters which contribute to the adaptive mechanisms under different environments and partly explaining the high ecological competence of P. phytofirmans PsJN.
RESUMO
O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a fenologia e a produção das videiras 'Alicante' e 'Syrah' (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivadas fora de época. A área experimental foi instalada em uma propriedade da Vinícola Intervin®, localizada em Maringá, PR. Os vinhedos foram estabelecidos em julho de 2001 e as plantas conduzidas no sistema latada (4,0x1,5m), enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto IAC 766 'Campinas'. As podas longas de produção (oito gemas) foram realizadas no fim de fevereiro de 2008 e 2009. As avaliações tiveram início a partir da poda de frutificação durante duas safras consecutivas fora de época. Foram utilizadas 20 plantas representativas de cada variedade, sendo a colheita de ambas as safras realizadas em meados de julho. Avaliou-se a duração em dias das principais fases fenológicas, as características físico-químicas das bagas e as características produtivas de cada variedade. Verificou-se que a 'Alicante' apresenta ciclo médio de 138,0 dias, mosto com 15,4°Brix, 1,9 por cento de ácido tartárico e produtividade de 14,5t ha-1, enquanto a 'Syrah' apresenta ciclo médio de 132,5 dias, 14,5°Brix, 2,9 por cento de ácido tartárico e produtividade de 11,4t ha-1.
This study aimed to characterize the phenology and the production of 'Alicante' and 'Syrah' grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) produced out of season. The experimental area was located in a property belonging to the Intervin® Winery, at Maringá, PR. The vineyards were established in July, 2001 and the vines were trained in an overhead trellising system (4.0x1.5m), grafted on IAC 766 'Campinas' rootstock. The long pruning of production (eight buds) was held in late February of 2008 and 2009. The evaluations started from the pruning of production, in two years, using 20 representative vines of each variety, and the harvesting of both crops were performed on early July. The phenology of the trees was evaluated as the duration in days of the most important phases, as well it was analyzed the berries physico-chemical characteristics. The production characteristics of each variety were also estimated. It was verified that 'Alicante' showed a mean cycle of 138.0 days, must with 15.4°Brix, 1.9 percent of tartaric acid and productivity of 14.5t ha-1, while 'Syrah' showed a mean cycle of 132.5 days, 14.5°Brix, 2.9 percent of tartaric acid and productivity of 11.4t ha-1.
