The pan-JAK inhibitor LAS194046 reduces neutrophil activation from severe asthma and COPD patients in vitro.

Non-T2 severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are airway chronic inflammatory disorders with a poor response to corticosteroids. LAS194046, a novel pan-Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, shows inhibitory effects on T2 allergic lung inflammation in rats. In this work we analyze the effects of LAS194046, fluticasone propionate and their combination in neutrophils from non-T2 severe asthma and COPD patients in vitro. Neutrophils from 23 healthy subjects, 23 COPD and 21 non-T2 severe asthma patients were incubated with LAS194046 (0.01 nM-1 µM), fluticasone propionate (0.1 nM-1 µM) or their combination and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS 1 µM). LAS194046 shows similar maximal % inhibition and potency inhibiting IL-8, MMP-9 and superoxide anion release in neutrophils from healthy, COPD and asthma. Fluticasone propionate suppresses mediator release only in neutrophils from healthy patients. The combination of LAS194046 with fluticasone propionate shows synergistic anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. The mechanisms involved in the synergistic effects of this combination include the increase of MKP1 expression, decrease of PI3Kδ, the induction of glucocorticoid response element and the decrease of ERK1/2, P38 and JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation compared with monotherapies. In summary, LAS194046 shows anti-inflammatory effects in neutrophils from COPD and severe non-T2 asthma patients and induces synergistic anti-inflammatory effects when combined with fluticasone propionate.

Identification of 2-Imidazopyridine and 2-Aminopyridone Purinones as Potent Pan-Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors for the Inhaled Treatment of Respiratory Diseases.

Janus kinases (JAKs) have a key role in regulating the expression and function of relevant inflammatory cytokines involved in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Herein are described the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a series of novel purinone JAK inhibitors with profiles suitable for inhaled administration. Replacement of the imidazopyridine hinge binding motif present in the initial compounds of this series with a pyridone ring resulted in the mitigation of cell cytotoxicity. Further systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) efforts driven by structural biology studies led to the discovery of pyridone 34, a potent pan-JAK inhibitor with good selectivity, long lung retention time, low oral bioavailability, and proven efficacy in the lipopolysaccharide-induced rat model of airway inflammation by the inhaled route.

Pharmacological Profile of AZD8871 (LAS191351), a Novel Inhaled Dual M3 Receptor Antagonist/ß 2-Adrenoceptor Agonist Molecule with Long-Lasting Effects and Favorable Safety Profile.

AZD8871 is a novel muscarinic antagonist and ß 2-adrenoceptor agonist in development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This study describes the pharmacological profile of AZD8871 in in vitro and in vivo assays. AZD8871 is potent at the human M3 receptor (pIC50 in binding assays: 9.5) and shows kinetic selectivity for the M3 (half-life: 4.97 hours) over the M2 receptor (half-life: 0.46 hour). It is selective for the ß 2-adrenoceptor over the ß 1 and ß 3 subtypes (3- and 6-fold, respectively) and shows dual antimuscarinic and ß 2-adrenoceptor functional activity in isolated guinea pig tissue (pIC50 in electrically stimulated trachea: 8.6; pEC50 in spontaneous tone isolated trachea: 8.8, respectively), which are sustained over time. AZD8871 exhibits a higher muscarinic component than batefenterol in human bronchi, with a shift in potency under propranolol blockade of 2- and 6-fold, respectively, together with a persisting relaxation (5.3% recovery at 8 hours). Nebulized AZD8871 prevents acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction in both guinea pig and dog with minimal effects on salivation and heart rate at doses with bronchoprotective activity. Moreover, AZD8871 shows long-lasting effects in dog, with a bronchoprotective half-life longer than 24 hours. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that AZD8871 is a dual-acting molecule with a high muscarinic component and a long residence time at the M3 receptor; moreover, its preclinical profile in animal models suggests a once-daily dosing in humans and a favorable safety profile. Thus, AZD8871 has the potential to be a next generation of inhaled bronchodilators in respiratory diseases.

Novel Inhaled Pan-JAK Inhibitor, LAS194046, Reduces Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation, Late Asthmatic Response, and pSTAT Activation in Brown Norway Rats.

The Janus-activated kinase (JAK) family together with signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway has a key role in regulating the expression and function of many inflammatory cytokines. This has led to the discovery of JAK inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, some of them already in the market. Considering the adverse effects associated with JAK inhibition by oral route, we wanted to explore whether JAK inhibition by inhaled route is enough to inhibit airway inflammation. The aim of this study was to characterize the enzymatic and cellular potency and the selectivity of LAS194046, a novel JAK inhibitor, compared with the reference compounds ruxolitinib and tofacitinib. The efficacy of this new JAK inhibitor is described in a model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation in Brown Norway rats by inhaled administration. As potential markers of target engagement, we assessed the effect of LAS194046 on the STAT activation state. LAS194046 is a selective inhaled pan-JAK inhibitor that reduces allergen-induced airway inflammation, late asthmatic response, and phosphor-STAT activation in the rat OVA model. Our results show that topical inhibition of JAK in the lung, without relevant systemic exposure, is sufficient to reduce lung inflammation and improve lung function in a rat asthma model. In summary, JAK-STAT pathway inhibition by inhaled route constitutes a promising therapeutic option for lung inflammatory diseases.

In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of AZD8999, a novel bifunctional muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist /ß2-adrenoceptor agonist (MABA) compound in neutrophils from COPD patients.

Recent evidence indicates that AZD8999 (LAS190792), a novel muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist and ß2-adrenoceptor agonist (MABA) in development for chronic respiratory diseases, induces potent and sustained relaxant effects in human bronchi by adressing both muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and ß2-adrenoceptor. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of the AZD8999 monotherapy or in combination with corticosteroids are unknown. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory effects of AZD8999 in monotherapy and combined with fluticasone propionate in neutrophils from healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Peripheral blood neutrophils from healthy and COPD patients were incubated with AZD8999 and fluticasone propionate, individually or in combination, for 1h followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation for 6h. The IL-8, MMP9, IL-1ß, and GM-CSF release was measured in cell culture supernatants. AZD8999 shows ~ 50% maximum inhibitory effect and similar potency inhibiting the released cytokines in neutrophils from healthy and COPD patients. However, while fluticasone propionate suppresses mediator release in neutrophils from healthy patients, COPD neutrophils are less sensitive. The combination of non-effective concentrations of AZD8999 (0.01nM) with non-effective concentrations of fluticasone propionate (0.1nM) shows synergistic anti-inflammatory effects. The studied mechanisms that may be involved in the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of this combination include the increase of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)α and MKP1 expression, the induction of glucocorticoid response element (GRE) activation and the decrease of ERK1/2, P38 and GR-Ser226 phosphorylations compared with monotherapies. In summary, AZD8999 shows anti-inflammatory effects in neutrophils from COPD patients and induces synergistic anti-inflammatory effects when combined with fluticasone propionate, supporting the use of MABA/ICS combination therapy in COPD.

Discovery of a Novel Inhaled PI3Kδ Inhibitor for the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases.

Oral PI3Kδ inhibitors such as Idelalisib and Duvelisib have shown efficacy as anticancer agents and Idelalisib has been approved for the treatment of three B-cell cancers. However, Idelalisib has a black box warning on its product label regarding the risks of fatal and serious toxicities including hepatic toxicity, severe diarrhea, colitis, pneumonitis, infections, and intestinal perforation. Some of these side effects are mechanism-related and could hinder the development of Idelalisib for less severe conditions. For respiratory diseases, compounds administered by inhalation are delivered directly to the site of action and may improve the therapeutic index of a drug, minimizing undesired side effects. This work describes the discovery and optimization of inhaled PI3Kδ inhibitors intended for the treatment of severe asthma and COPD. Once the potency was in the desired range, efforts were focused on identifying the particular physicochemical properties that could translate into better lung retention. This medicinal chemistry exercise led to the identification of LAS195319 as a candidate for clinical development.

PI3K, p38 and JAK/STAT signalling in bronchial tissue from patients with asthma following allergen challenge.

BACKGROUND: Inhaled allergen challenges are often used to evaluate novel asthma treatments in early phase clinical trials. Current novel therapeutic targets in asthma include phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) delta and gamma, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) and Janus kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signalling pathways. The activation of these pathways following allergen exposure in atopic asthma patients it is not known. METHODS: We collected bronchial biopsies from 11 atopic asthma patients at baseline and after allergen challenge to investigate biomarkers of PI3K, p38 MAPK and JAK/STAT activation by immunohistochemistry. Cell counts and levels of eosinophil cationic protein and interleukin-5 were also assessed in sputum and bronchoalvelar lavage. RESULTS: Biopsies collected post-allergen had an increased percentage of epithelial cells expressing phospho-p38 (17.5 vs 25.6%, p = 0.04), and increased numbers of sub-epithelial cells expressing phospho-STAT5 (122.2 vs 540.6 cells/mm2, p = 0.01) and the PI3K marker phospho-ribosomal protein S6 (180.7 vs 777.3 cells/mm2,p = 0.005). Type 2 inflammation was increased in the airways post allergen, with elevated levels of eosinophils, interleukin-5 and eosinophil cationic protein. CONCLUSIONS: Future clinical trials of novel kinase inhibitors could use the allergen challenge model in proof of concept studies, while employing these biomarkers to investigate pharmacological inhibition in the lungs.

4-Amino-7,8-dihydro-1,6-naphthyridin-5(6 H)-ones as Inhaled Phosphodiesterase Type 4 (PDE4) Inhibitors: Structural Biology and Structure-Activity Relationships.

Rational design of a novel template of naphthyridinones rapidly led to PDE4 inhibitors with subnanomolar enzymatic potencies. X-ray crystallography confirmed the binding mode of this novel template. We achieved compounds with double-digit picomolar enzymatic potencies through further structure-based design by targeting both the PDE4 enzyme metal-binding pocket and occupying the solvent-filled pocket. A strategy for lung retention and long duration of action based on low aqueous solubility was followed. In vivo efficacies were measured in a rat lung neutrophilia model by suspension microspray and dry powder administration. Suspension microspray of potent compounds showed in vivo efficacy with a clear dose-response. Despite sustained lung levels, dry powder administration performed much less well and without proper dose-response, highlighting clear differences between the two formulations. This indicates a deficiency in the low aqueous solubility strategy for long duration lung efficacy.

Application of a phenotypic drug discovery strategy to identify biological and chemical starting points for inhibition of TSLP production in lung epithelial cells.

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine released by human lung epithelium in response to external insult. Considered as a master switch in T helper 2 lymphocyte (Th2) mediated responses, TSLP is believed to play a key role in allergic diseases including asthma. The aim of this study was to use a phenotypic approach to identify new biological and chemical starting points for inhibition of TSLP production in human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE), with the objective of reducing Th2-mediated airway inflammation. To this end, a phenotypic screen was performed using poly I:C / IL-4 stimulated NHBE cells interrogated with a 44,974 compound library. As a result, 85 hits which downregulated TSLP protein and mRNA levels were identified and a representative subset of 7 hits was selected for further characterization. These molecules inhibited the activity of several members of the MAPK, PI3K and tyrosine kinase families and some of them have been reported as modulators of cellular phenotypic endpoints like cell-cell contacts, microtubule polymerization and caspase activation. Characterization of the biological profile of the hits suggested that mTOR could be a key activity involved in the regulation of TSLP production in NHBE cells. Among other targeted kinases, inhibition of p38 MAPK and JAK kinases showed different degrees of correlation with TSLP downregulation, while Syk kinase did not seem to be related. Overall, inhibition of TSLP production by the selected hits, rather than resulting from inhibition of single isolated targets, appeared to be due to a combination of activities with different levels of relevance. Finally, a hit expansion exercise yielded additional active compounds that could be amenable to further optimization, providing an opportunity to dissociate TSLP inhibition from other non-desired activities. This study illustrates the potential of phenotypic drug discovery to complement target based approaches by providing new chemistry and biology leads.

Abediterol (LAS100977), an inhaled long-acting ß2-adrenoceptor agonist, has a fast association rate and long residence time at receptor.

This study describes the association rate and residence time of abediterol, a novel long-acting ß2-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) in Phase II development for treatment of asthma and COPD, in comparison with indacaterol, olodaterol, vilanterol and salmeterol, for both human ß1- and ß2-adrenoceptors. Abediterol association and dissociation rates were monitored directly by using its tritiated form. Moreover, association was determined indirectly using experimental Ki and koff obtained from assays performed with unlabelled compound. Dissociation was also studied indirectly by measuring the association rate of 3H-CGP12177 to beta adrenoceptors previously occupied by unlabelled compounds. Abediterol shows a fast association for the ß2-adrenoceptor (kon 1.4 × 107 ± 1.8 × 106M-1min-1) while its dissociation rate is between 30 and 64 times slower than that of the reference LABA compounds tested, with a residence time of 91.3 ± 13.3min (measured directly) and 185.5 ± 7.5min (measured indirectly). Abediterol shows kinetic selectivity for the ß2- over the ß1-adrenoceptor, with a dissociation rate from the ß1-adrenoceptor similar to the other LABA compounds tested. In conclusion, abediterol is a potent LABA with a fast association rate and a long residence time at ß2-adrenoceptors. These data are in agreement with the onset and duration of action of abediterol shown in humans.

Pharmacological preclinical characterization of LAS190792, a novel inhaled bifunctional muscarinic receptor antagonist /ß2-adrenoceptor agonist (MABA) molecule.

LAS190792 is a novel muscarinic antagonist and ß2-adrenoceptor agonist in development for chronic respiratory diseases. This study investigated the pharmacological profile of LAS190792 in comparison to batefenterol, tiotropium, indacaterol and olodaterol. LAS190792 is potent at the human M3 receptor (pIC50: 8.8 in binding assays). It is selective for the ß2-adrenoceptor over the ß1-and ß3-adrenoceptor, and shows a functional potency in a similar range to batefenterol and LABA compounds (pEC50 in spontaneous tone isolated trachea: 9.6). The relaxant potency of LAS190792 in electrically stimulated tissue is similar to batefenterol, with an antimuscarinic activity in presence of propranolol slightly higher than batefenterol (pIC50 of 8.3 versus 7.9 in human tissue). LAS190792 exhibits a sustained duration of action in isolated tissue longer than that of batefenterol. Nebulized LAS190792 inhibits acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction in dog with minimal cardiac effects and sustained bronchodilation (t1/2: 13.3 h). In conclusion, these studies suggest that LAS190792 is a dual-acting muscarinic antagonist ß2-adrenoceptor agonist that has the potential to be a next generation bronchodilator with long-lasting effects and wide safety margin in humans.

Control of Neurotransmission by NaV1.7 in Human, Guinea Pig, and Mouse Airway Parasympathetic Nerves.

Little is known about the neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) that control neurotransmission in the parasympathetic nervous system. We evaluated the expression of the α subunits of each of the nine NaVs in human, guinea pig, and mouse airway parasympathetic ganglia. We combined this information with a pharmacological analysis of selective NaV blockers on parasympathetic contractions of isolated airway smooth muscle. As would be expected from previous studies, tetrodotoxin potently blocked the parasympathetic responses in the airways of each species. Gene expression analysis showed that that NaV 1.7 was virtually the only tetrodotoxin-sensitive NaV1 gene expressed in guinea pig and human airway parasympathetic ganglia, where mouse ganglia expressed NaV1.1, 1.3, and 1.7. Using selective pharmacological blockers supported the gene expression results, showing that blocking NaV1.7 alone can abolish the responses in guinea pig and human bronchi, but not in mouse airways. To block the responses in mouse airways requires that NaV1.7 along with NaV1.1 and/or NaV1.3 is blocked. These results may suggest novel indications for NaV1.7-blocking drugs, in which there is an overactive parasympathetic drive, such as in asthma. The data also raise the potential concern of antiparasympathetic side effects for systemic NaV1.7 blockers.

Discovery of a Potent, Selective, and Orally Available PI3Kδ Inhibitor for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases.

The delta isoform of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3Kδ) has been shown to have an essential role in specific immune cell functions and thus represents a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Herein, the optimization of a series of pyrrolotriazinones as potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitors is described. The main challenge of the optimization process was to identify an orally available compound with a good pharmacokinetic profile in preclinical species that predicted a suitable dosing regimen in humans. Structure-activity relationships and structure-property relationships are discussed. This medicinal chemistry exercise led to the identification of LAS191954 as a candidate for clinical development.

Tofacitinib ameliorates inflammation in a rat model of airway neutrophilia induced by inhaled LPS.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Janus Kinase (JAK) family mediates the cytokine receptor-induced signalling pathways involved in inflammatory processes. The activation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) by JAK kinases is a key point in these pathways. Four JAK proteins, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) associate with the intracellular domains of surface cytokine receptors are phosphorylating STATs and modulating gene expression. The aim of this study was to explore the role of JAK inhibition in an acute model of inhaled lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway inflammation in rats through evaluating the effects of tofacitinib, a marketed pan-JAK inhibitor. Specifically, some pulmonary inflammation parameters were studied and the lung STAT3 phosphorylation was assessed as a target engagement marker of JAK inhibition in the model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Rats were exposed to an aerosol of LPS (0.1 mg/ml) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) during 40 min. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung samples were collected 4 h after PBS or LPS exposure. Neutrophils in BALF were counted and a panel of cytokines were measured in BALF. Phosphorylation of STAT3 was studied in lung homogenates by ELISA and localization of phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3) in lung tissue was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In order to assess the effect of JAK inhibition, tofacitinib was administered 1 h before challenge at doses of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg p.o. KEY RESULTS: Inhaled LPS challenge induced an augment of neutrophils and cytokines in the BALF as well as an increase in pSTAT3 expression in the lungs. Tofacitinib by oral route inhibited the LPS-induced airway neutrophilia, the levels of some cytokines in the BALF and the phosphorylation of STAT3 in the lung tissue. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: In summary, this study shows that JAK inhibition ameliorates inhaled LPS-induced airway inflammation in rats, suggesting that at least JAK/STAT3 signalling is involved in the establishment of the pulmonary neutrophilia induced by LPS. JAKs inhibitors should be further investigated as a potential therapy for respiratory inflammatory diseases.

Biphenyl Pyridazinone Derivatives as Inhaled PDE4 Inhibitors: Structural Biology and Structure-Activity Relationships.

Cyclic nucleotide cAMP is a ubiquitous secondary messenger involved in a plethora of cellular responses to biological agents involving activation of adenylyl cyclase. Its intracellular levels are tightly controlled by a family of cyclic nucleotide degrading enzymes, the PDEs. In recent years, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) has aroused scientific attention as a suitable target for anti-inflammatory therapy in respiratory diseases, particularly in the management of asthma and COPD. Here we describe our efforts to discover novel, highly potent inhaled inhibitors of PDE4. Through structure based design, with the inclusion of a variety of functional groups and physicochemical profiles in order to occupy the solvent-filled pocket of the PDE4 enzyme, we modified the structure of our oral PDE4 inhibitors to reach compounds down to picomolar enzymatic potencies while at the same time tackling successfully an uncovered selectivity issue with the adenosine receptors. In vitro potencies were demonstrated in a rat lung neutrophilia model by administration of a suspension with a Penn-Century MicroSprayer Aerosolizer.

Non-neuronal cholinergic system contributes to corticosteroid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

BACKGROUND: Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) with long-acting beta-2 agonists is a well-documented combination therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) based on its additive anti-inflammatory properties. By contrast, the recommendation of ICS in combination with long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) is not evidence-based. In this study, neutrophils obtained from COPD patients were used to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of aclidinium bromide (a long-acting muscarinic antagonist) with corticosteroids and their potential additive effect. METHODS: Human sputum and blood neutrophils were isolated from healthy individuals (n = 37), patients with stable COPD (n = 52) and those with exacerbated COPD (n = 16). The cells were incubated with corticosteroid fluticasone propionate (0.1 nM-1 µM), aclidinium bromide (0.1 nM-1 µM) or a combination thereof and stimulated with 1 µg of lipopolysaccharide/ml or 5 % cigarette smoke extract. Levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase-9, CCL-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-1ß were measured and the mechanisms of corticosteroid resistance evaluated at the end of the incubation. RESULTS: The non-neuronal cholinergic system was over-expressed in neutrophils from COPD patients, as evidenced by increases in the expression of muscarinic receptors (M2, M4 and M5), choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Aclidinium bromide demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils from COPD patients, reversing their resistance to corticosteroids. Additive effects of combined aclidinium bromide and fluticasone propionate in blocking M2 receptor levels, inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase-δ and enhancing the glucocorticoid response element transcription factor were demonstrated and were accompanied by an increase in the corticosteroid-induced expression of anti-inflammatory-related genes. CONCLUSIONS: LAMAs potentiate the anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids in neutrophils from COPD patients in vitro, thus providing a scientific rationale for their use in combination with corticosteroids in the treatment of COPD.

Anti-inflammatory potential of PI3Kδ and JAK inhibitors in asthma patients.

BACKGROUND: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) and Janus-activated kinases (JAK) are both novel anti-inflammatory targets in asthma that affect lymphocyte activation. We have investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of PI3Kδ and JAK inhibition on cytokine release from asthma bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and T-cell activation, and measured lung PI3Kδ and JAK signalling pathway expression. METHOD: Cells isolated from asthma patients and healthy subjects were treated with PI3Kδ or JAK inhibitors, and/or dexamethasone, before T-cell receptor stimulation. Levels of IFNγ, IL-13 and IL-17 were measured by ELISA and flow cytometry was used to assess T-cell activation. PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAKT) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) protein expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry in bronchial biopsy tissue from asthma patients and healthy subjects. PI3Kδ expression in BAL CD3 cells was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: JAK and PI3Kδ inhibitors reduced cytokine levels from both asthma and healthy BAL cells. Combining dexamethasone with either a JAK or PI3Kδ inhibitor showed an additive anti-inflammatory effect. JAK and PI3Kδ inhibitors were shown to have direct effects on T-cell activation. Immunohistochemistry showed increased numbers of PI3Kδ expressing cells in asthma bronchial tissue compared to controls. Asthma CD3 cells in BAL expressed higher levels of PI3Kδ protein compared to healthy cells. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting PI3Kδ or JAK may prove effective in reducing T-cell activation and the resulting cytokine production in asthma.

Pharmacological characterization of CRTh2 antagonist LAS191859: Long receptor residence time translates into long-lasting in vivo efficacy.

The chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T-helper type 2 cells (CRTh2) is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed on the leukocytes most closely associated with asthma and allergy like eosinophils, mast cells, Th2-lymphocytes and basophils. At present it is clear that CRTh2 mediates most prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) pro-inflammatory effects and as a result antagonists for this receptor have reached asthma clinical studies showing a trend of lung function improvement. The challenge remains to identify compounds with improved clinical efficacy when administered once a day. Herein we described the pharmacological profile of LAS191859, a novel, potent and selective CRTh2 antagonist. In vitro evidence in GTPγS binding studies indicate that LAS191859 is a CRTh2 antagonist with activity in the low nanomolar range. This potency is also maintained in cellular assays performed with human eosinophils and whole blood. The main differentiation of LAS191859 vs other CRTh2 antagonists is in its receptor binding kinetics. LAS191859 has a residence time half-life of 21h at CRTh2 that translates into a long-lasting in vivo efficacy that is independent of plasma levels. We believe that the strategy behind this compound will allow optimal efficacy and posology for chronic asthma treatment.

Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4 and airway sensory afferent activation: Role of adenosine triphosphate.

BACKGROUND: Sensory nerves innervating the airways play an important role in regulating various cardiopulmonary functions, maintaining homeostasis under healthy conditions and contributing to pathophysiology in disease states. Hypo-osmotic solutions elicit sensory reflexes, including cough, and are a potent stimulus for airway narrowing in asthmatic patients, but the mechanisms involved are not known. Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4 (TRPV4) is widely expressed in the respiratory tract, but its role as a peripheral nociceptor has not been explored. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that TRPV4 is expressed on airway afferents and is a key osmosensor initiating reflex events in the lung. METHODS: We used guinea pig primary cells, tissue bioassay, in vivo electrophysiology, and a guinea pig conscious cough model to investigate a role for TRPV4 in mediating sensory nerve activation in vagal afferents and the possible downstream signaling mechanisms. Human vagus nerve was used to confirm key observations in animal tissues. RESULTS: Here we show TRPV4-induced activation of guinea pig airway-specific primary nodose ganglion cells. TRPV4 ligands and hypo-osmotic solutions caused depolarization of murine, guinea pig, and human vagus and firing of Aδ-fibers (not C-fibers), which was inhibited by TRPV4 and P2X3 receptor antagonists. Both antagonists blocked TRPV4-induced cough. CONCLUSION: This study identifies the TRPV4-ATP-P2X3 interaction as a key osmosensing pathway involved in airway sensory nerve reflexes. The absence of TRPV4-ATP-mediated effects on C-fibers indicates a distinct neurobiology for this ion channel and implicates TRPV4 as a novel therapeutic target for neuronal hyperresponsiveness in the airways and symptoms, such as cough.

In vitro and in vivo preclinical profile of abediterol (LAS100977), an inhaled long-acting ß2-adrenoceptor agonist, compared with indacaterol, olodaterol and vilanterol.

Abediterol is a novel long-acting ß2-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) currently in development for once-daily combination maintenance therapy of asthma and COPD. This study investigated the preclinical profile of abediterol in terms of affinity, potency, selectivity, duration of action and cardiac effects in comparison to the marketed once-daily LABAs indacaterol, olodaterol and vilanterol. Abediterol was the compound with the highest in vitro potency for dog, guinea pig and human ß2-adrenoceptors. In electrical field stimulated guinea pig trachea, abediterol demonstrated 5-, 44- and 77-fold greater potency than olodaterol, indacaterol and vilanterol, respectively. In anaesthetised guinea pigs, inhaled abediterol was also the most potent compound, with 5-20 times higher bronchoprotective potency than other once-daily LABAs against acetylcholine. The bronchoprotective half-life of abediterol in guinea pigs was 36h compared with 51h for indacaterol, 47h for olodaterol, and 18h for vilanterol. In anaesthetised dogs, abediterol also inhibited acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction, with higher potency than olodaterol and vilanterol [ID40 (dose inhibiting bronchoconstriction by 40%) of 0.059µg/kg, 0.180µg/kg and 2.870µg/kg, respectively]. In parallel, effects on heart rate in dogs were also measured. Abediterol showed greater safety index (defined as the ratio of the maximal dose without effect on heart rate and the ID40) than olodaterol and vilanterol (10.5 versus 4.9 and 2.4, respectively). Taken together, these data suggest that abediterol offers potent bronchodilation and a sustained duration of action suited to once-daily dosing, plus a reduced potential for class-related cardiac side effects.