[Bullying and its related factors amongst high school students from a school in Cali, Colombia]. / Prevalencia de bullying y factores relacionados en estudiantes de bachillerato de una institución educativa de Cali, Colombia, 2011.

OBJECTIVE: Determining the prevalence of bullying and its related factors amongst students from a high school in Cali, Colombia, 2011. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving sixth to ninth grade students attending a private school in Santiago de Cali. Cisneros' scale was used for assessing bullying in this population. Multivariate analysis was used with logistic regression to control confusing variables. RESULTS: 198 students were included whose mean age was 12.86 (SD=1.31) years old; 50.5 % of the students were female (49.5 % male) and it was found that 20.3 % of the students had been bullied. A significant association was found amongst those being bullied and those suffering mild or severe family dysfunction and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Bullying was frequent amongst sixth to ninth grade students from this school and it could have been related to the presence of mild or severe family dysfunction and clinically significant anxiety symptoms. Further research is needed to validate these results.

Prevalencia de bullying y factores relacionados en estudiantes de bachillerato de una institución educativa de Cali, Colombia, 2011 / Bullying and its related factors amongst high school students from a school in Cali, Colombia

Objetivo Determinar prevalencia de bullying y factores relacionados en estudiantes de bachillerato de una institución educativa de Cali, Colombia, 2011. Métodos Estudio de corte transversal en los estudiantes de sexto a noveno grado de una institución privada de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali. Para evaluar el bullying se usó la escala de Cisneros. Para controlar variables de confusión, se realizó un análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística no condicional. Resultados Se evaluaron 198 estudiantes, en quienes la edad promedio fue de 12,86 (DE=1,31) años. 50,5 % eran mujeres y 49,5 % hombres. La prevalencia de bullying fue 20,3 %. Se encontró asociación significativa entre ser víctima de bullying y disfunción familiar (leve y severa), así como con síntomas ansiosos. Conclusiones El bullying en estudiantes de sexto a noveno grado de esta institución educativa de Cali es un fenómeno frecuente y puede estar asociado a disfunción familiar leve y severa así como a síntomas de ansiedad con importancia clínica. Se requieren investigaciones adicionales para validar estos resultados.

Objective Determining the prevalence of bullying and its related factors amongst students from a high school in Cali, Colombia, 2011. Material and Methods This was a cross-sectional study involving sixth to ninth grade students attending a private school in Santiago de Cali. Cisneros' scale was used for assessing bullying in this population. Multivariate analysis was used with logistic regression to control confusing variables Results 198 students were included whose mean age was 12.86 (SD=1.31) years old; 50.5 % of the students were female (49.5 % male) and it was found that 20.3 % of the students had been bullied. A significant association was found amongst those being bullied and those suffering mild or severe family dysfunction and anxiety symptoms. Conclusions Bullying was frequent amongst sixth to ninth grade students from this school and it could have been related to the presence of mild or severe family dysfunction and clinically significant anxiety symptoms. Further research is needed to validate these results.

Tolvaptan as a tool in renal physiology.

For decades, the Brattleboro rat has been a useful model in kidney physiology. These animals manifest central diabetes insipidus (lack of circulating vasopressin) due to a mutation in the vasopressin-neurophysin gene. V2 receptor-mediated vasopressin actions in the kidney can be assessed in these animals by infusing the V2-selective vasopressin analog 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP). However, the major commercial supplier in the United States has ceased production, creating the need for another reliable experimental model of V2 receptor-mediated vasopressin action in rodents. We designed an in vivo protocol to investigate vasopressin responses in the rat kidney using osmotic minipumps loaded with tolvaptan, a nonpeptide competitive inhibitor of the vasopressin V2 receptor. Tolvaptan-infused rats had a mean urinary osmolality of <300 vs. >2,000 mosmol/kgH2O in vehicle-infused rats. The tolvaptan infusion produced large decreases in the renal abundance of aquaporin-2 (AQP2), aquaporin-3 (AQP3), the ß-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (ß-ENaC), and γ-ENaC that were comparable to the differences seen in vehicle-infused vs. vasopressin-infused Brattleboro rats. Thus we conclude that tolvaptan infusion in rats provides an additional model (besides dDAVP-infusion in the Brattleboro rat) for the assessment of V2 receptor-mediated vasopressin actions in the kidney. We also provide ancillary in vitro data in rat inner-medullary-collecting-duct suspensions showing that tolvaptan can block vasopressin's effects on phosphorylation of the water channel AQP2 in vitro. Specifically, tolvaptan almost completely inhibited the ability of vasopressin to increase AQP2 phosphorylation at Ser256, Ser264, and Ser269, while strongly inhibiting a vasopressin-induced decrease in AQP2 phosphorylation at Ser261.

Urea channel inhibitors: a new functional class of aquaretics.

Using large-scale small-molecule screening techniques, Li et al. have identified a compound that inhibits the UT-B urea channel. They propose that this or similar compounds could be used as aquaretic agents to increase water excretion without changes in electrolyte excretion. Such compounds would potentially be useful in treatment of hyponatremic disorders. Here we review the physiological basis for the action of urea channel inhibitors in the kidney and assess their clinical potential.

Vasopressin and the regulation of aquaporin-2.

Water excretion is regulated in large part through the regulation of osmotic water permeability of the renal collecting duct epithelium. Water permeability is controlled by vasopressin through regulation of the water channel, aquaporin-2 (AQP2). Two processes contribute: (1) regulation of AQP2 trafficking to the apical plasma membrane; and (2) regulation of the total amount of the AQP2 protein in the cells. Regulation of AQP2 abundance is defective in several water-balance disorders, including many polyuric disorders and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. Here we review vasopressin signaling in the renal collecting duct that is relevant to the two modes of water permeability regulation.

Ergonomic analysis of workplaces in the iron casting industrial pole in Claudio, Minas Gerais--Brazil.

Brazil is currently recognized as the 10th largest producer of castings, and the city of Cláudio, MG is known worldwide as the "Greatest foundry and metallurgical pole in Latin America", with more than 80 companies. However, this large number of enterprises and increasing investments in product development has demanded an increase in manpower and working hours of workers in the sector, proportionally increasing the incidence of occupational related health problems like RSI (repetitive strain injury), WMSDs (work-related musculoskeletal disorders) and industrial accidents. This article aims to characterize the industry from previously conducted case studies to relate the main causes of occupational diseases and outline possible interventions through design, showing how this tool can contribute to improve the working environment, workplace, tools and equipment through ergonomics adjustments.

[Cluster sampling in health surveys]. / Muestreo por conglomerados en encuestas poblacionales.

OBJECTIVE: Describing how the cluster sampling statistical technique can be applied to health surveys. METHODS: The article describes the most important aspects for each methodological step, emphasising cluster sampling's foundations. It was applied to a population of around 100,000 inhabitants from commune 18 in Cali. The sample covered 30 city blocks and 3,026 people were interviewed. The information was gathered using the Community-based Information System for Primary Health Attention. RESULTS: The sampling technique produced precise and reliable information for estimating population health event prevalence in a cross-sectional study. Sampling error was 2.5 % in the general population, 10% in children aged less than 5 years, 5.7% in children aged 5 to 14, around 3.0% in those aged 10 to 59 and 7.2% in the population aged more than 60. CONCLUSION: The method guaranteed a 2.5% sampling error in estimating general population prevalence and less than 10% sampling errors for established population groups.

Muestreo por conglomerados en encuestas poblacionales / Cluster sampling in health surveys

Objetivo Describir la técnica estadística del muestreo por conglomerados en encuestas de salud poblacionales. Métodos Se describen los aspectos más importantes de cada uno de los pasos metodológicos haciendo énfasis en los fundamentos del Muestreo por Conglomerados. Éste se aplicó sobre una población de aproximadamente 100 000 habitantes de la comuna 18 de Cali. La muestra abarcó 30 manzanas y se encuestaron 3 026 personas. La información se recolectó usando el Sistema de Información de base Comunitaria para Atención Primaria en Salud. Resultados La técnica de muestreo aplicada generó información precisa y confiable para la estimación de prevalencias poblacionales de eventos de salud en un estudio de corte transversal. En población general, el error de muestreo fue de 2,5 por ciento; en menores de 5 años fue del 10 por ciento; en niños de 5 a 14 años fue de 5,7 por ciento; en población de 10 a 59 años estuvo alrededor del 3,0 por ciento y en población de 60 y más años fue de 7,2 por ciento. Conclusión El método descrito permitió garantizar un error de muestreo de 2,5 por ciento en la estimación de parámetros de prevalencia en la población general y errores de muestreo inferiores al 10 por ciento para los grupos poblacionales establecidos.

Objective Describing how the cluster sampling statistical technique can be applied to health surveys. Methods The article describes the most important aspects for each methodological step, emphasising cluster sampling's foundations. It was applied to a population of around 100,000 inhabitants from commune 18 in Cali. The sample covered 30 city blocks and 3,026 people were interviewed. The information was gathered using the Community-based Information System for Primary Health Attention. Results The sampling technique produced precise and reliable information for estimating population health event prevalence in a cross-sectional study. Sampling error was 2.5 percent in the general population, 10 percent in children aged less than 5 years, 5.7 percent in children aged 5 to 14, around 3.0 percent in those aged 10 to 59 and 7.2 percent in the population aged more than 60. Conclusion The method guaranteed a 2.5 percent sampling error in estimating general population prevalence and less than 10 percent sampling errors for established population groups.

Neuroprotección mediante hipotermia moderada en recién nacidos con encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica / Neuroprotection by mild hypothermia in newborn with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

En la mayoría de los países desarrollados el tratamiento con la hipotermia se ha convertido en un pilar fundamental para la neuroprotección del recién nacido con encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica (EHI). En la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales de la universidad de Duke, la hipotermia moderada se aplica desde el 2005. El tratamiento con hipotermia es muy limitado en otros países porque en adición a un equipamiento especializado, requiere de manejo detallado de las disfunciones multiorgánicas, documentación meticulosa de la información clínica con cuidados y control del paciente en forma protocolizada. Como punto de partida, y para facilitar la introducción de la hipotermia en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales en Uruguay, se presenta la evolución de cinco pacientes internados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del centro hospitalario de Duke (Carolina del Norte, EE.UU.), evaluando la respuesta al tratamiento con hipotermia moderada y su evolución clínica

Evaluation of Acanthamoeba isolates from environmental sources in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.

Tests for potentially pathogenic amoebae were carried out in order to determine the presence of free-living amoebae of genus Acanthamoeba in soil and beach sand sources related to human environments in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Acanthamoeba identification was based on the morphology of cyst and trophozoite forms and PCR amplification with a genus specific primer pair. The pathogenical potential of Acanthamoeba isolates was characterized by temperature and osmotolerance assays and PCR reactions with two primer pairs related to Acanthamoeba pathogenesis. The results demonstrate the presence of potential pathogenic strain in both sources. Thus, some of the amoebae found in these habitats could act as opportunistic pathogens and may present a risk to human health.

Prevalencia de depresion en estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad del Valle / Prevalence of depression medical of the Universidad del Valle

El presente estudio describe la prevalencia del trastorno depresivo en estudiantes de medicina en el área de ciencias básicas de la Universidad del Valle por medio de la prueba autoaplicada de Zung para depresión, en el primer semestre de 1998. Además establece asociaciones de esta psicopatología con variables epidemiológicas como edad, género, estrato socioeconómico y año académico en curso. Se encontró una prevalencia de 36.4 por ciento para depresión 21.9 por ciento para depresión leve 10.6 por ciento para depresión moderada y 3.5 por ciento para depresión severa/ que es mayor a lo encontrado en el II Estudio Nacional de Salud Mental y Consumo de Sustancias Psicoactívas de 1997 para la población general. Asociación inversa en menor estrato socioeconómico y en sexo femenino (p<0.05), que se asemeja a lo referido por dicho estudio nacional. También se encontró asociación entre depresión y menor año académico (p<0.05)