The value of desmosomal plaque-related markers to distinguish squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Background: An antibody panel is needed to definitively differentiate between adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in order to meet more stringent requirements for the histologic classification of lung cancers. Staining of desmosomal plaque-related proteins may be useful in the diagnosis of lung SCC.Materials and methods: We compared the usefulness of six conventional (CK5/6, p40, p63, CK7, TTF1, and Napsin A) and three novel (PKP1, KRT15, and DSG3) markers to distinguish between lung SCC and AC in 85 small biopsy specimens (41 ACs and 44 SCCs). Correlations were examined between expression of the markers and patients' histologic and clinical data.Results: The specificity for SCC of membrane staining for PKP1, KRT15, and DSG3 was 97.4%, 94.6%, and 100%, respectively, and it was 100% when the markers were used together and in combination with the conventional markers (AUCs of 0.7619 for Panel 1 SCC, 0.7375 for Panel 2 SCC, 0.8552 for Panel 1 AC, and 0.8088 for Panel 2 AC). In a stepwise multivariate logistic regression model, the combination of CK5/6, p63, and PKP1 in membrane was the optimal panel to differentiate between SCC and AC, with a percentage correct classification of 96.2% overall (94.6% of ACs and 97.6% of SCCs). PKP1 and DSG3 are related to the prognosis.Conclusions: PKP1, KRT15, and DSG3 are highly specific for SCC, but they were more useful to differentiate between SCC and AC when used together and in combination with conventional markers. PKP1 and DSG3 expressions may have prognostic value.

Progressive changes in composition of lymphocytes in lung tissues from patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.

Immune cell infiltration is a common feature of many human solid tumors. Innate and adaptative immune systems contribute to tumor immunosurveillance. We investigated whether tumors evade immune surveillance by inducing states of tolerance and/or through the inability of some immune subpopulations to effectively penetrate tumor nests. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry analysis were used to study the composition and distribution of immune subpopulations in samples of peripheral blood, tumor tissue (TT), adjacent tumor tissue (ATT), distant non-tumor tissue (DNTT), cancer nests, cancer stroma, and invasive margin in 61 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. A significantly higher percentage of T and B cells and significantly lower percentage of NK cells were detected in TT than in DNTT. Memory T cells (CD4+CD45RO+, CD8+CD45RO+) and activated T cells (CD8+DR+) were more prevalent in TT. Alongside this immune activation, the percentage of T cells with immunosuppressive activity was higher in TT than in DNTT. B- cells were practically non-existent in tumor nests and were preferentially located in the invasive margin. The dominant NK cell phenotype in peripheral blood and DNTT was the cytotoxic phenotype (CD56+ CD16+), while the presence of these cells was significantly decreased in ATT and further decreased in TT. Finally, the immunologic response differed between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma and according to the tumor differentiation grade. These findings on the infiltration of innate and adaptative immune cells into tumors contribute to a more complete picture of the immune reaction in NSCLC.

Lactancia materna y su influencia en los procesos cognitivos de escolares españoles (6 años de edad), valorada con la escala de inteligencia Wechsler / Breastfeeding and its influence into the cognitive process of Spanish school-children (6 years old), measured by the Wechsler intelligence scale

Numerosos estudios han intentado demostrar que la duración de la lactancia materna se relaciona con un mejor desarrollo cognitivo en la edad escolar. En el presente estudio se evalúa el potencial efecto beneficioso a largo plazo de la alimentación con leche materna durante los primeros meses de vida, mejorando el desarrollo cognitivo y aquellas funciones relacionadas con la Comprensión Verbal, Razonamiento Perceptivo, Memoria de Trabajo y Velocidad de Procesamiento. Un total de 103 niños, escolarizados en primer curso de Educación Primaria, 6 años de edad, (47 niños y 56 niñas), en diferentes colegios de la provincia de Granada, en áreas urbanas, semiurbanas y rurales. Se evaluó la capacidad cognitiva global y algunos dominios específicos de inteligencia a través de la escala de inteligencia Wechsler para niños -IV. Los resultados demuestran una asociación estadísticamente significativa, entre las mejores puntuaciones en el cociente intelectual (CI) y en los cuatro índices medidos mediante el test WISC-IV, con una mayor duración de la lactancia. Resulta altamente significativas (p=0,000) la asociación entre las mejores puntuaciones en el test y 6 meses de lactancia, lo que valida nuestra hipótesis. Como medio de prevención de diferentes déficit intelectuales se debe reforzar el consejo de lactancia materna exclusiva durante al menos los 6 primeros meses de vida.

Some scientific evidence support that a better cognitive development during the school age is related with breastfeeding. In this study, the potential benefit of breastfeeding duration is evaluated, related to Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory and Processing Speed. A total of 103 children, first year of Primary School, six-year-old, (47 boys and 56 girls), were included from different schools in the province of Granada (Spain) at urban, semi-urban and rural areas. The global cognitive capability, as well as some specific intelligence domains which permit a more precise and deeper analysis of the cognitive processes, was evaluated through the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - version IV. The results prove an association, statistically signnificative, between the best values of IQ and the other four WISC-IV indexes and a longer breastfeeding. There is a highly significant (p=0,000) association between the best scores and those children who were breastfed during 6 months, which validates our hypothesis. The advice of breastfeeding during at least the first six months of life should be reinforced to reduce learning difficulties.

Differential immunohistochemical localization of desmosomal plaque-related proteins in non-small-cell lung cancer.

AIMS: Immunohistochemistry is a highly valuable and widely used tool in the subtyping of lung carcinomas. The aim of this study was to identify markers for the differential diagnosis of non-small-cell carcinomas. METHODS AND RESULTS: We report on the immunohistochemical localization of plakophilin-1 (PKP1), keratin-15 (KRT15) and desmoglein-3 (DSG3) intercellular adhesion proteins in samples from 75 primary non-small-cell lung cancers in non-treated patients. The staining pattern of these proteins differed between squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas, with no membrane staining in the latter. Membrane staining for all three proteins was characteristic of squamous cell carcinomas. We observed a relationship between the presence/absence of these proteins in the membranes of squamous cell carcinomas and the differentiation grade, with more intense staining in better differentiated areas. CONCLUSIONS: Staining for these proteins marked intercellular junctions that are characteristic of stratified squamous epithelium and of neoplasias with this type of differentiation, and can be useful in the diagnosis of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The high specificity of membrane staining for PKP1 and DSG3 and high sensitivity of cytoplasmic and membrane staining for KRT15 for the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma may be useful for the differential diagnosis of non-small-cell carcinomas.

[Breastfeeding and its influence into the cognitive process of Spanish school-children (6 years old), measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale]. / Lactancia materna y su influencia en los procesos cognitivos de escolares españoles (6 años de edad), valorada con la escala de inteligencia Wechsler.

Some scientific evidence support that a better cognitive development during the school age is related with breastfeeding. In this study, the potential benefit of breastfeeding duration is evaluated, related to Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory and Processing Speed. A total of 103 children, first year of Primary School, six-year-old, (47 boys and 56 girls), were included from different schools in the province of Granada (Spain) at urban, semi-urban and rural areas. The global cognitive capability, as well as some specific intelligence domains which permit a more precise and deeper analysis of the cognitive processes, was evaluated through the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--version IV. The results prove an association, statistically signnificative, between the best values of IQ and the other four WISC-IV indexes and a longer breastfeeding. There is a highly significant (p = 0.000) association between the best scores and those children who were breastfed during 6 months, which validates our hypothesis. The advice of breastfeeding during at least the first six months of life should be reinforced to reduce learning difficulties.

La concepción constructivista como modelo explicativo del aprendizaje en los deportes de equipo / The constructivist approach as an explanatory model in team sports

El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer cómo se hace necesario utilizar la teoría constructivista para poder entender los mecanismos que se producen en el aprendizaje de los deportes de equipo. Éstos poseen unas características propias que dan lugar a numerosas habilidades, las cuales requieren, además de un dominio motriz, de la capacidad por parte del jugador de saber cuándo y dónde utilizarlas, es decir, se necesita un proceso de comprensión de la lógica del juego para poder jugar. La mayoría de los modelos de enseñanza que se utilizan en la actualidad dentro del entrenamiento deportivo todavía se basan en teorías de aprendizaje asociativas, en las que el jugador debe adquirir una serie de habilidades de manera descontextualizadas, siendo esta enseñanza insuficiente para el entendimiento de los deportes de equipo.

The aim of this paper is to explain how it is necessary to use constructivist theory to understand the mechanisms that occur in the learning of team sports. These have distinct characteristics that give rise to many skills, which also require a motor domain, the capacity of each player to know when and where to use them, i.e. it needs a process of understanding the logic of the game to play. Most of the teaching models that are currently used in sports training is still based on theories of associative learning in which the player must acquire a skill set so decontextualized, this teaching being insufficient for understanding the team sports.

Influencia del programa de entrenamiento reflexivo sobre el conocimiento declarativo de un equipo de baloncesto / Influence of training program reflexive on declarative knowledge of a basketball team

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia de programa entrenamiento para la mejora de los conceptos de juego sobre el conocimiento declarativo de un equipo de baloncesto. En el estudio participaron un total de 10 jugadores Seniors con una edad media de 21 años. La intervención se basó en hacerle comprender al jugador, mediante un proceso de reflexión y exploración, el por qué de las acciones de juego colectivo, mediante el entendimiento de los principios que rigen el baloncesto. El programa tuvo una duración de 7 meses, con tres sesiones semanales. Para la evaluación del conocimiento del jugador se seleccionaron imágenes departidos de baloncesto de alto nivel, y se les pidió a los sujetos experimentales que las evaluaran. A continuación se analizó su respuesta comparándola con la evaluación que hicieron un grupo de expertos de esas mismas situaciones de juego. Tras la intervención se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < .000) entre la cantidad de conocimiento declarativo sobre la lógica interna sobre el juego de los resultados del pre y postest (AU)

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a training program on declarative knowledge that he had a team on the internal logic of basketball. The participants in the study were 10 senior players with a mean age of 21 years. The intervention was based on the player you understand, through a process of reflection and exploration, the reasons for the actions of collective game, by understanding the principles of basketball. The program lasted 7 months, with three sessions a week. To evaluate the knowledge of images selected player basketball games of high level, and asked the experimental subjects for assessment. Then we analyzed their response compared with the evaluation of a panel made of the same game situations. The results demonstrated that the experimental subjects improved significantly (p < .000) in knowledge they had on the internal logic of the actions that were presented on the test (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi de analisar a influência de um programa de treinamento para melhorar os conceitos sobre o jogo e a confirmação declarada de conhecimento de uma equipe de basquete. Nesse estudo participaram um total de 10 jogadores Sênior, com uma idade media de 21 anos. A intervenção foi baseada em fazer com que os jogares compreendessem mediante um processo de reflexão e exploração, o porquê das ações do jogo coletivo através do entendimento dos princípios que regem o basquete. O programa teve uma duração de sete meses, com três sessões semanais. Para avaliar o conhecimento do jogador, foram selecionadas imagens de um jogo de alto nível e foi solicitada a avaliação e comentário por parte dos jogadores. Depois foram analisadas as respostas comparando com a avaliação feita por um grupo de profissionais de mesma situação de jogo. Pós a intervenção foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p < 0.000) entre a quantidade de conhecimento declarado sobre alógica interna sobre o resultado do jogo do pré e do pós test (AU)

Influencia del programa de entrenamiento reflexivo sobre el conocimiento declarativo de un equipo de baloncesto / Influence of training program reflexive on declarative knowledge of a basketball team

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia de programa entrenamiento para la mejora de los conceptos de juego sobre el conocimiento declarativo de un equipo de baloncesto. En el estudio participaron un total de 10 jugadores Seniors con una edad media de 21 años. La intervención se basó en hacerle comprender al jugador, mediante un proceso de reflexión y exploración, el por qué de las acciones de juego colectivo, mediante el entendimiento de los principios que rigen el baloncesto. El programa tuvo una duración de 7 meses, con tres sesiones semanales. Para la evaluación del conocimiento del jugador se seleccionaron imágenes de partidos de baloncesto de alto nivel, y se les pidió a los sujetos experimentales que las evaluaran. A continuación se analizó su respuesta comparándola con la evaluación que hicieron un grupo de expertos de esas mismas situaciones de juego. Tras la intervención se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < .000) entre la cantidad de conocimiento declarativo sobre la lógica interna sobre el juego de los resultados del pre y postest (AU)

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a training program on declarative knowledge that he had a team on the internal logic of basketball. The participants in the study were 10 senior players with a mean age of 21 years. The intervention was based on the player you understand, through a process of reflection (..) (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi de analisar a influência de um programa de treinamento para melhorar os (..) (AU)

Estudio estadístico del consumo de suplementos nutricionales y dietéticos en gimnasios / Statistical analysis of the consumption of nutritional and dietary supplements in gyms

En la actualidad, el abuso de toda clase de sustancias para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo y la forma física se ha extendido a las personas que acuden a gimnasios regularmente. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar el consumo de suplementos nutricionales (SN) y dietéticos en un grupo de 415 usuarios (260 varones y 155 mujeres) de 4 gimnasios de Sevilla (España). Los usuarios realizaron un cuestionario previamente diseñado y con un pilotaje donde se evaluó la validez del contenido. Del total de la muestra, el 56,14 por ciento han consumido en alguna ocasión algún suplemento. Entre estos el 57,6 por ciento, lo hacía buscando mejorar su aspecto físico; el 16,7 por ciento, lo hacía para cuidar su salud, y el 13,2 por ciento, buscaban aumentar su rendimiento deportivo. El perfil del consumidor es el de un hombre joven, que hace tiempo que realiza actividad en gimnasios, que acude al gimnasio varias horas a la semana y que realiza algún tipo de dieta. El porcentaje de SN consumidos en este estudio (56 por ciento) está dentro de los valores aportados por otros estudios. En orden decreciente, Proteínas (28 por ciento), L-Carnitina (18,6 por ciento), Bebida Deportiva (18,3 por ciento), Creatina (17,1 por ciento) y Complejo vitamínico (17,1 por ciento) fueron los cinco SN más consumido por los sujetos de este estudio.

The abuse of all types of substance to improve sport performance and physical fitness has spread to regularly gym users. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of nutritional and dietary supplements in a group of 415 individuals (260 males and 155 females) from 4 gyms in Seville (Spain). The users completed a previously designed questionnaire whose content validity had been tested in a pilot study. Out of the total sample, 56.14 percent had consumed a supplement at some time. Among these, the objective was improvement of physical appearance in 57.16 percent, health care in 16.7 percent, and sports performance enhancement in 13.2 percent. The profile of the supplement consumer is a young man who has performed activities in gyms for some time, goes to the gym for several hours a week and is on some type of diet. The percentage of nutritional supplement users (56 percent) is within values reported in other studies. The five supplements most frequently consumed by these individuals were (in decreasing order): proteins (28 percent), L-carnitine (18.6 percent), sport drinks (18.3 percent), creatine (17.1 percent) and vitamin complex (17.1 percent).

Estudio comparativo entre potenciales evocados auditivos de estado estable, potenciales evocados auditivos de tronco cerebral y audiometría tonal liminar / Comparative Study Between Auditory Steady-State Responses, Auditory brain-stem responses and liminar tonal audiometry

Objetivos: Los potenciales evocados auditivos de estado estable (PEAee) con frecuencias de modulación de 70-110 Hz son una nueva técnica para explorar la audición. Nos proponemos valorar su aportación al diagnóstico audiológico. Material y método: Se estudió las diferentes aportaciones al diagnóstico del umbral auditivo de los PEAee y los potenciales evocados auditivos de tronco cerebral (PEATC) en respuesta al clic. Además se estudió las diferencias entre estos umbrales y los de la audiometría tonal liminar (ATL). Se analiza los coeficientes de correlación entre los umbrales obtenidos en PEAee y los de la ATL. Resultados: Los PEAee permitieron detectar restos de audición que no eran detectados mediante PEATC transitorios. Se encontraron diferencias de ­13,750 dB HL (­22,291 a ­5,209) y de ­13,250 dB HL (­19,163 a ­7,337) entre los valores registrados mediante PEAee para las frecuencias de 500 y 1.000 Hz y los umbrales de la ATL para esas mismas frecuencias. Se encontraron diferencias de 1,625 dB HL (­6,967 a 10,217) y de ­2,875 dB HL (­7,446 a 1,696) entre los valores estimados en los PEAee y los umbrales de la ATL para las frecuencias de 500 y 1.000 Hz. Los coeficientes de correlación fueron estadísticamente muy significativos (p = 0,01) entre los umbrales registrados y los estimados en los PEAee para las portadoras de 500 y 1.000 Hz y los de la ATL para las mismas frecuencias. Conclusiones: Los PEAee con frecuencias de modulación entre 70 y 110 Hz constituyen una nueva técnica de exploración de la audición que es más específica en frecuencia que los PEATC en respuesta al clic. La respuesta obtenida no se modificará por el estado de conciencia y además es una técnica doblemente objetiva. Los umbrales obtenidos en los PEAee permiten realizar una estimación del umbral de audición

Objetives: Auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) using frequencies of modulation between 70-110 Hz are a new auditive exploration technique. The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of the ASSR to diagnostic of the audition. Material and method: Different aportations of auditory steady-states responses (ASSR) and auditory brain-stem responses (ABR) to diagnostic of threshold of audition were studied Differences between these thresholds and thresholds obtained by liminar tonal audiometry (LTA) were studied too. Correlations between thresholds obtained by ASSR and LTA were studied. Results: ASSR detected rest of audition that transients ABR did not detect. Differences about ­13.750 dB HL (­5.209 to ­22.291) and ­13.250 dB HL (­7.337 to ­19.163) were found between registered values for carriers of 500 and 1000 Hz and the thresholds by LTA for these carriers. Differences about 1.625 dB HL (­6.967 to 10.217) and ­2.875 dB HL (­7.446 to 1.696) were found between estimations for the carries of 500 and 1000 Hz and thresholds by TLA. Stadistically very signifficant (P=.01) coefficients of correlation were found between registered and estimated thresholds by ASSR for carrier of 500 and 1000 Hz and threshold by TLA for these frecuencies. Conclusions: Auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) using frequencies of modulation between 70-110 Hz are a new auditive technique of exploration. This stimulus is more frecuency-specific than clicks for auditory brain-stem responses (ABR). Response is not modificated by steady of consciousness. The technique is doublely objetive. Thresholds obtained by ASSR permits to estimation of the audition threshold

[Comparative study between auditory steady-state responses, auditory brain-stem responses and liminar tonal audiometry]. / Estudio comparativo entre potenciales evocados auditivos de estado estable, potenciales evocados auditivos de tronco cerebral y audiometría tonal liminar.

OBJECTIVES: Auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) using frequencies of modulation between 70-110 Hz are a new auditive exploration technique. The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of the ASSR to diagnostic of the audition. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Different aportations of auditory steady-states responses (ASSR) and auditory brain-stem responses (ABR) to diagnostic of threshold of audition were studied Differences between these thresholds and thresholds obtained by liminar tonal audiometry (LTA) were studied too. Correlations between thresholds obtained by ASSR and LTA were studied. RESULTS: ASSR detected rest of audition that transients ABR did not detect. Differences about -13.750 dB HL (-5.209 to -22.291) and -13.250 dB HL (-7.337 to -19.163) were found between registered values for carriers of 500 and 1000 Hz and the thresholds by LTA for these carriers. Differences about 1.625 dB HL (-6.967 to 10.217) and -2.875 dB HL (-7.446 to 1.696) were found between estimations for the carries of 500 and 1000 Hz and thresholds by TLA. Statistically very significant (P=.01) coefficients of correlation were found between registered and estimated thresholds by ASSR for carrier of 500 and 1000 Hz and threshold by TLA for these frequencies. CONCLUSIONS: Auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) using frequencies of modulation between 70-110 Hz are a new auditive technique of exploration. This stimulus is more frequency-specific than clicks for auditory brain-stem responses (ABR). Response is not modificated by steady of consciousness. The technique is doublely objective. Thresholds obtained by ASSR permits to estimation of the audition threshold.