SIUMB recommendations on the use of ultrasound in neoplastic lesions of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tract.

Extrahepatic biliary tract and gallbladder neoplastic lesions are relatively rare and hence are often underrepresented in the general clinical recommendations for the routine use of ultrasound (US). Dictated by the necessity of updated summarized review of current literature to guide clinicians, this paper represents an updated position of the Italian Society of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (SIUMB) on the use of US and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in extrahepatic biliary tract and gallbladder neoplastic lesions such as extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder adenocarcinoma, gallbladder adenomyomatosis, dense bile with polypoid-like appearance and gallbladder polyps.

SIUMB recommendations for focal pancreatic lesions.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is increasingly being performed in Italy and Europe, particularly in the field of hepato-gastroenterology. Initially, it was mainly carried out to characterize focal hepatic lesions, but, since then, numerous studies have demonstrated its efficacy in the differential diagnosis of focal pancreatic pathologies (D'Onofrio et al. in Expert Rev Med Devices 7(2):257-273, 2010; Vidili et al. in J Ultrasound 22(1):41-51, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to provide Italian Medical Doctors with recommendations and thereby practical guidelines on the management of these patients. The present paper reports the final conclusions reached by the SIUMB guideline commission. This paper addresses particularly percutaneous ultrasound (US) examination (transabdominal US) and is drawn up specifically for publication.

SIUMB guidelines and recommendations for the correct use of ultrasound in the management of patients with focal liver disease.

The present document describes the SIUMB (Italian Society of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology) guidelines for the use of ultrasound in the management of focal liver disease. The aim of the paper is to provide a clinical practice guideline for Italian physicians who are approaching the ultrasound study of a focal liver lesion. In particular, these guidelines provide simple indications, recommendations and general practice advices for the correct use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in this scenario. They represent the SIUMB position of the ultrasound role in the diagnostic flow charts of the principal focal liver lesions, and are in agreement with other, previously published national and international guidelines.

Evaluation of Dual-Timepoint 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging for Lymph Node Staging in Vulvar Cancer.

This study aimed to assess the value of dual-timepoint 18F-FDG PET/CT in the prediction of lymph node (LN) status in patients with invasive vulvar cancer (VC) scheduled for inguinofemoral LN dissection. Methods: From April 2013 to July 2015, all consecutive patients with VC scheduled for inguinofemoral LN dissection were prospectively enrolled. All patients underwent a preoperative whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT scan at 1 h (standard examination) and an additional scan from T11 to the groins at 3 h (delayed examination) after 18F-FDG injection. On both scans, each groin was visually scored 0 or 1 concerning 18F-FDG LN uptake relative to background. Semiquantitative analysis included SUVmax and the corresponding retention index of SUVmax, measured on both scans. The optimal cutoff value of these parameters was defined using a receiver-operating-characteristic analysis. Histopathology was the standard of reference. Results: Thirty-three patients were included, with a total of 57 groins dissected and histologically evaluated. At histopathology, 21 of 57 (37%) groins contained metastatic LNs. Concerning visual score, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and accuracy were 95.2%, 75%, 96.4%, 69%, and 82.5% on standard scanning and 95.2%, 77.8%, 96.6%, 71.4%, and 84.2% on delayed scanning, respectively. At receiver-operating-characteristic analysis, sensitivity and specificity were 95.2% and 77.8% on standard and delayed 18F-FDG PET/CT for an SUVmax cutoff of greater than 1.32 and 1.88, respectively, and 95.2% and 80% for a retention index of SUVmax cutoff of greater than 0. Conclusion: Standard 18F-FDG PET/CT is an effective preoperative imaging method for the prediction of LN status in VC, allowing the prediction of pathologically negative groins and thus the selection of patients suitable for minimally invasive surgery. Delayed 18F-FDG PET/CT did not improve the specificity and the positive predictive value in our series. Larger studies are needed for a further validation.

Which imaging technique should we use in the follow up of gynaecological cancer?

Follow-up routines after gynaecological cancer vary. The optimal approach is unknown, and no randomised-controlled trials comparing surveillance protocols have been published. In this chapter, we summarise the diagnostic performance of ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in the follow up of women treated for ovarian or uterine cancers. Computed tomography is today the standard imaging method for the follow up of women treated for endometrial, cervical, or ovarian cancer. Six-monthly or annual follow-up examinations have not been shown to positively affect survival. Instead, a combination of transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasound examination with clinical examination might be a more cost-effective strategy for early detection of recurrence. Positron-emission tomography might play a role in women with clinical or serological suspicion of recurrence but without evidence of disease at conventional diagnostic imaging. To create guidelines, more studies, preferably randomised-controlled trials, on follow-up strategies are needed.

A thyroid incidentaloma detected by 18F-choline PET/CT.

We report a case of thyroid incidentaloma detected by 18F-choline PET/CT. A 66-year-old male patient with a history of prostate cancer underwent a 18F-choline PET/CT for restaging. PET/CT revealed a focal area of increased 18F-choline uptake corresponding to a hypodense nodule in the right lobe of the thyroid. Based on PET/CT findings, the patient underwent a ultrasonography guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy which demonstrated the presence of a benign thyroid nodule.

Malpractice claims related to musculoskeletal imaging. Incidence and anatomical location of lesions.

PURPOSE: Failure to detect lesions of the musculoskeletal system is a frequent cause of malpractice claims against radiologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined all the malpractice claims related to alleged errors in musculoskeletal imaging filed against Italian radiologists over a period of 14 years (1993-2006). RESULTS: During the period considered, a total of 416 claims for alleged diagnostic errors relating to the musculoskeletal system were filed against radiologists; of these, 389 (93.5%) concerned failure to report fractures, and 15 (3.6%) failure to diagnose a tumour. CONCLUSIONS: Incorrect interpretation of bone pathology is among the most common causes of litigation against radiologists; alone, it accounts for 36.4% of all malpractice claims filed during the observation period. Awareness of this risk should encourage extreme caution and diligence.

Manual of diagnostic ultrasound

El manual (que consta de dos volúmenes) ha sido escrito por un grupo internacional de expertos de la Federación Mundial de Ultrasonido en Medicina y Biología (WFUMB), conocida por sus publicaciones sobre el uso clínico de la ecografía y con amplia experiencia en la enseñanza de la ecografía en los países desarrollados y en desarrollo. Los contribuyentes (más del cincuenta para los dos volúmenes) pertenecen a los cinco continentes, para garantizar que el contenido del manual represente toda la clínica, cultura y los contextos epidemiológicos. Esta nueva publicación, que abarca diagnóstico y ultrasonografía terapéutica moderna ampliamente, sin duda se beneficiarán e inspirar a los profesionales médicos a mejorar la "salud para todos" en los países desarrollados y emergentes.

Diagnostic performance of fluorine-18-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography in diagnosing and localizing the focal form of congenital hyperinsulinism: a meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: We performed a meta-analysis on published data on the diagnostic performance of fluorine-18 dihydroxyphenylalanine ((18)F-DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) in diagnosing and localizing focal congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive computer literature search of studies published up to 31 January 2012 regarding (18)F-DOPA PET or PET/CT in patients with CHI was performed. Pooled sensitivity and specificity, area under the ROC curve and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of (18)F-DOPA PET or PET/CT in diagnosing focal CHI were calculated. The localization accuracy of focal CHI was also estimated. Seven studies comprising 195 CHI patients were included. RESULTS: The pooled sensitivity and specificity of (18)F-DOPA PET or PET/CT in differentiating between focal and diffuse CHI were 89% (95% confidence interval [CI]:81-95%) and 98% (95% CI:89-100%), respectively. The DOR was 74.5 (95% CI:18-307). The area under the ROC curve was 0.95. The pooled accuracy of these functional imaging methods in localizing focal CHI was 80% (95% CI:71-88%). DISCUSSION: In CHI patients, (18)F-DOPA PET or PET/CT demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating between focal and diffuse CHI. (18)F-DOPA PET or PET/CT are accurate methods of localizing focal CHI. Nevertheless, possible sources of false-negative results for focal CHI should be kept in mind.

18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in evaluating treatment response to imatinib or other drugs in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the role of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in evaluating treatment response to imatinib or other drugs in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). METHODS: A comprehensive literature search of published studies through February 2011 in PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was performed. RESULTS: We identified 19 studies including 628 patients with GIST. Main findings of included studies are presented. CONCLUSIONS: (18)F-FDG PET has a significant value in assessing treatment response to imatinib or other drugs in GIST patients. (18)F-FDG PET allows an early assessment of treatment response and is a strong predictor of clinical outcome.

F-FDG PET Imaging in the Evaluation of Treatment Response to New Chemotherapies beyond Imatinib for Patients with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.

Aim. (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG PET) is a powerful tool for staging and defining "good responders" to chemotherapy in tumor setting. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are sarcoma involving gastrointestinal tract and may require a chemotherapy including imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor agent. Some GIST patients become refractory to imatinib; therefore, other tyrosine kinase inhibitors or concomitant chemotherapy may be considered for treatment. The aim of this paper is to assess if (18)F-FDG PET imaging is a useful tool to evaluate treatment response to new chemotherapies beyond imatinib for GIST patients. Methods. We performed a review of the literature about the role of (18)F-FDG PET in the evaluation of treatment response to new chemotherapies beyond imatinib for GIST patients. Results and Conclusions. (18)F-FDG PET seems to be able to assess therapy response earlier than computed tomography (CT) imaging in imatinib refractory GIST patients treated with other agents. However, a dual modality PET-CT imaging is recommendable to achieve a better detection of all lesions.

Comparison between F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Regional Lymph Nodal Staging in Patients with Melanoma: A Review of the Literature.

Aim. to compare (18)F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for regional lymph nodal staging in patients with melanoma. Methods. We performed a literature review discussing original articles which compared FDG-PET to SLNB for regional lymph nodal staging in patients with melanoma. Results and Conclusions. There is consensus in the literature that FDG-PET cannot replace SLNB for regional lymph nodal staging in patients with melanoma.

Radiologic malpractice litigation risk in Italy: an observational study over a 14-year period.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to assess the risk of medical malpractice litigation for Italian radiologists, compared with the corresponding data in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The insurance claims of Italian radiologists over the 1993-2006 period were anonymously assessed and classified according to the cause of the claim. RESULTS: A total of 1,424 claims were filed during the examined period, with most claims being filed at a considerable time interval after the event (up to 10 years). The resulting incidence may be estimated as 44.2 cases per 1,000, meaning that 44% of Italian radiologists have received, or will receive, summons regarding their professional activity during the past 10 years. CONCLUSION: The risk of medical malpractice litigation for Italian radiologists is by now comparable to that for American radiologists. Comparison with previous data concerning the same study population shows that the diagnostic errors category has surpassed all other error categories (nondiagnostic errors) and that, within the diagnostic errors category, claims for allegedly missed cancer have surpassed claims for allegedly missed bone abnormalities. Among missed diagnosis claims, the maximum increase concerned mammograms. Strict adherence to radiologic standards and radiotherapy protocols may be a means of reducing the risk of legal action and obviating litigation.

Intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunts: Color Doppler sonography.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunts (IPSVS) patterns and to determine the role of Color Doppler sonography in the diagnosis and evaluation of related hemodynamic changes in portal perfusion. METHODS: Sonography and Color Doppler imaging were performed in nine patients with IPSVS. Type and Doppler waveform of the shunt were determined; velocity measurements in the portal trunk and portal branches were studied to evaluate the effects of the shunt on intrahepatic circulation. Computed tomography was performed in six patients, magnetic resonance imaging in three patients, and angiography in two patients. RESULTS: The shunt between the portal and hepatic veins was aneurismal in six patients, while localized peripheral shunt with multiple tortuous vessels in one hepatic segment was observed in three patients. The shunts showed continuous low velocity spectral tracings and in the aneurismal shunts a low velocity bi-directional or helicoidal flow was detected. The feeding portal branches and the draining hepatic veins showed anomalous Doppler tracings and alterations of intrahepatic portal perfusion were observed in three cases. CONCLUSION: Color Doppler is essential for proper diagnosis of IPSVS and for evaluation of related hemodynamic changes in portal perfusion.

Multidetector CT enteroclysis versus barium enteroclysis with methylcellulose in patients with suspected small bowel disease.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of multidetector-CT enteroclysis (MDCT-E) versus barium enteroclysis with methylcellulose (BE) in clinically selected patients with suspected small bowel disease. We prospectively studied 52 patients who underwent unenhanced and contrast-enhanced multidetector CT (16 rows) after administration of 2-2.5 l of methylcellulose by naso-jejunal tube. BE was performed after administration of barium 60% w/v (200-250 ml) and methylcellulose (1-2 l). Patients with radiological signs of Crohn's disease were classified into the following subtypes: active, fibrostenotic, fistulising/perforating, reparative or regenerative subtypes. Twenty-eight patients also underwent endoscopy. The radiological prevalent subtype was the active subtype. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of MDCT-E versus BE was 83%, 100% and 89%, respectively. BE showed five false negative CT cases due to early Crohn's disease; endoscopy confirmed positive cases of the CT and the BE, but showed one false negative case of the BE. Together, MDCT enteroclysis and BE permitted the diagnosis of Crohn's disease in 30 patients, adhesions in one patient, lymphoma in two patients and carcinoid tumours in two patients. In conclusion, MDCT-E permits good representation of pathological patterns. Early stages of Crohn's disease are better evaluated by BE.

Local-regional staging of endometrial carcinoma: role of MR imaging in surgical planning.

PURPOSE: To assess magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in depicting the depth of myometrial infiltration, cervical invasion, and presence of enlarged lymph nodes in patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma compared with surgicopathologic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven consecutive patients with endometrial carcinoma were included in this prospective study. All patients underwent MR imaging and surgery. Qualitative image analysis included the depth of myometrial infiltration, infiltration of the uterine cervix, and presence of enlarged lymph nodes. Quantitative image analysis included tumor and myometrium contrast-to-noise ratios during different phases of dynamic imaging. MR imaging findings were compared with surgicopathologic findings. Sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values of MR imaging in depicting myometrial and cervical infiltration and in lymph node assessment were calculated. RESULTS: Respective sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values in assessing myometrial infiltration were 87%, 91%, 89%, 87%, and 91%; those for cervical infiltration, 80%, 96%, 92%, 89%, and 93%; and those for lymph node assessment, 50%, 95%, 90%, 50%, and 95%. There was significant agreement between MR imaging and surgicopathologic findings in assessment of myometrial invasion (P <.001). Myometrial and cervical invasion and lymph node enlargement were correctly assessed with MR imaging in 28 (76%) of 37 patients. Quantitative analysis showed a significant improvement in tumor and myometrium contrast-to-noise ratios during the equilibrium phase compared with the arterial and precontrast phases (P <.001). CONCLUSION: MR imaging coupled with contrast material-enhanced dynamic MR imaging is highly accurate in local-regional staging of endometrial carcinoma; more challenging is the assessment of pelvic and lumboaortic lymph nodes.

Combined diagnostic imaging of Crohn's disease: an outlook.

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory disease of the mucosa and bowel wall layers involving peritoneal, mesenteric structures and lymph nodes. The combination of the various imaging procedures plays a major role in the evaluation of Crohn's disease patients, based on which an optimal definition of the disease stage is achieved. This is required for a correct therapeutic strategy that can be exclusively medical, surgical or elective in complications. In the combined approach, the follow-through study of the small bowel and enteroclysis in particular, represents the examination of choice to document the early disease, early signs of recurrence with the demonstration of all mucosal alterations, including fistulous tracts. Sonography, CT and MRI allow the evaluation of Crohn's location in the wall and adjacent region. Preliminary results of CT-enteroclysis and MR-enteroclysis seem able to document mucosal alterations and morphofunctional characteristics In the near future these new examinations could become a real one-stop-shop coupled with wireless endoscopy in the study of Crohn's disease.