Radiation environment in high-altitude Antarctic plateau: Recent measurements and model studies.

Polar regions are the most exposed to secondary particles and radiation produced by primary cosmic rays in the atmosphere, because naturally they are with marginal geomagnetic shielding. In addition, the secondary particle flux contributing to the complex radiation field is enhanced at high-mountain altitudes compared to sea level because of the reduced atmospheric attenuation. At present, there are very few systematic experimental measurements of environmental dose at high southern latitudes, specifically at high-altitude region. Here, we report a campaign of measurements with different devices, that is passive and Liulin-type dosimeters, of the radiation background at high-mountain Antarctic station Vostok (3488 m above sea level, 78° 27' S; 106° 50' E). We compare the measurements with a Monte Carlo-based model for the propagation of the cosmic rays through the atmosphere and assessment of the radiation field in the atmosphere. We employed the model to estimate the radiation dose at Vostok station during the ground-level enhancement at 28 October 2021. As in previous studies by other teams, we show that the annual dose equivalent at high-altitude Antarctic facilities can significantly exceed the limit of 1 mSv established for the general population by the ICRP.

Contribution of cosmic ray particles to radiation environment at high mountain altitude: Comparison of Monte Carlo simulations with experimental data.

A numerical model for assessment of the effective dose due to secondary cosmic ray particles of galactic origin at high mountain altitude of about 3000 m above the sea level is presented. The model is based on a newly numerically computed effective dose yield function considering realistic propagation of cosmic rays in the Earth magnetosphere and atmosphere. The yield function is computed using a full Monte Carlo simulation of the atmospheric cascade induced by primary protons and α- particles and subsequent conversion of secondary particle fluence (neutrons, protons, gammas, electrons, positrons, muons and charged pions) to effective dose. A lookup table of the newly computed effective dose yield function is provided. The model is compared with several measurements. The comparison of model simulations with measured spectral energy distributions of secondary cosmic ray neutrons at high mountain altitude shows good consistency. Results from measurements of radiation environment at high mountain station--Basic Environmental Observatory Moussala (42.11 N, 23.35 E, 2925 m a.s.l.) are also shown, specifically the contribution of secondary cosmic ray neutrons. A good agreement with the model is demonstrated.

Recent gamma background measurements at high mountain altitude.

Results from recent measurements of radiation gamma background at high mountain altitude, namely at Basic Environmental Observatory Moussala (42.11 N, 23.35 E, 2925 m a.s.l.) are reported. The measurements are fulfilled with several devices, namely IGS-421 gamma probe and MDU Liulin. A comparative analysis with previous measurements performed with SBN-90 SAPHYMO NaI(Tl) gamma probe is carried out. A temperature effect during winter period of SAPHYMO probe is observed. In addition the measurements are compared with CaSO(4):Dy TLD. The obtained results are widely discussed. A numerical model for galactic cosmic ray contribution to the dose rate in air is presented. The model is based on a full Monte Carlo simulation of cosmic ray induced cascade in the atmosphere. The simulation is carried out with CORSIKA 6.52 code using FLUKA 2006b and QGSJET II hadron interaction models.