Corrigendum to "Statistical Evaluation of Two Microbiological Diagnostic Methods of Pulmonary Tuberculosis After Implementation of a Directly Observed Treatment Short-course Program" [Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013;4(1):45-51].

[This corrects the article on p. 45 in vol. 4, PMID: 24159529.].

A review of sub acute subdural hematoma (SASDH) with our institutional experience and its management by double barrel technique (DbT): A novel technique.

BACKGROUND: Subacute subdural hematoma (SASDH) is an entity which is yet to capture the popular imagination among the neurosurgeons. Its management is often equated clinically to that of the chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). However, their neurological deterioration is usually rapid, which seems to align them with acute subdural hematoma (ASDH). We proceed for their epidemiological evaluation. The advantages of a novel "double barrel technique (DbT)" over the conventional burrhole drainage are also presented. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted on all the patients having clinical and radiological evidence of SASDH, admitted to a tertiary care referral institute, during the period August 2013 to December 2015. Postoperatively, patients were followed-up for 3-24 months. RESULTS: 46.87% of the patients belonged to the 35-54 year age group with a male predominance (3.6:1); 68.7% had a history of alcohol abuse, whereas aspirin users were 25%. 87.5% cases were unilateral, 18.75% were hemispheric, and 46.87% were present on the left side. Altered consciousness (100%) followed by headache (37.5%) were the most common presenting clinical features. CONCLUSION: SASDH is an uncommon neurosurgical entity (0.89% of traumatic brain injury cases in our study) and mimics both CSDH as well as ASDH. The true incidence of SASDH may have been underestimated due to its clinical imitation with CSDH. This study in a South Asian nation also provides the epidemiological data of this rare neurosurgical entity. Outcome of surgery is good; our retrospective study confirms that "DbT" is an adequate and safe treatment. However, a better designed, randomized control trial will be needed to reinforce our findings.

Trochlear Nerve Neurofibroma in a Clinically NF-1-Negative Patient; A Case Report and Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND: Isolated orbital neurofibroma unassociated with systemic neurofibromatosis is relatively rare and may be difficult to clinically differentiate from other orbital tumors. Sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve-namely lacrimal, nasociliary, and frontal-are the most common nerves of origin for intraorbital neurofibroma, but we discovered a neurofibroma arising out of the right trochlear nerve, in absence of clinical stigmata of neurofibromatosis type 1, which is rare. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 41-year-old adult presented with painless progressive proptosis of the right eye for 10 years without history of visual problems or diplopia. The right eye had axial proptosis with periorbital swelling. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a right orbital extraconal, expansile, lobulated, cystic space-occupying lesion was seen with an enhancing component, pushing the lateral rectus with T1 isointensity and T2 hyperintensity, suggesting a preoperative working diagnosis of pseudotumor or lymphoproliferative tumor. Intraoperatively, a rudimentary slender, white, elongated structure was passing through the length of the tumor. The elongated tumor engulfing the trochlear nerve was traced up to the lateral part of the superior orbital fissure. The tumor was excised completely and was found to be a neurofibroma. CONCLUSION: Isolated trochlear nerve neurofibromas, in the absence of clinical stigmata of NF1, are rare. Multiplicity, multilobulation, ring-configured contrast enhancement, and heterogenous MRI signal intensities help in the accurate preoperative imaging diagnosis. A possible cure is thus achievable with complete excision without damaging important adjacent neurovasculo-musculotendinous structures in the orbit. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fourth reported case of isolated trochlear nerve neurofibroma.

Expression of Mx Gene in Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) to OmpC Protein of Aeromonas hydrophila and Bacterial Infection.

The aims of this study were to identify alternative myxovirus (Mx) stimulatory compounds in Cirrhinus mrigala and to characterize the kinetics and intensity of their stimulated responses by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Mx transcripts were measured in C. mrigala injected with Aeromonas OmpC (outer membrane protein) at a dose 0.4 mg/fish. At day 1, day 2, day 3, day 5, day 10, day 20 and day 30, samples were collected from kidney, spleen, liver, heart brain, gill, intestine and muscle for the study of Mx transcript and housekeeping gene ß-actin. Similarly, Mx gene expression was also studied in Aeromonas hydrophila-infected fish for a period of 10 days. Mx/ß-actin ratio was constitutively expressed from all the organs of OmpC-vaccinated fish. The expression was significantly highest (P ≤ 0.05) in spleen, followed by liver, kidney, intestine, gill, heart, muscle and brain. The expression was highest in day 2 except spleen (on day 3) and subsequently reduced up to day 30. Control fish also showed Mx expression. Similarly, A. hydrophila-infected fish showed Mx/ß-actin ratio upregulated significantly in the spleen and kidney on day 5, liver on day 2 and intestine on day 3. This study revealed that OmpC of A. hydrophila and its infection could stimulate the antiviral Mx gene of C. mrigala.

Statistical Evaluation of Two Microbiological Diagnostic Methods of Pulmonary Tuberculosis After Implementation of a Directly Observed Treatment Short-course Program.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of smear and culture tests of clinical samples of pulmonary tuberculosis after the introduction of the directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) program. METHODS: Using sputum samples from 572 individuals as a self-selected population, both Ziehl-Neelsen staining and culturing on Lowenstein-Jensen medium were carried out as diagnostic procedures. Using Bayes' rule, the obtained data set was analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 572 samples, 33 (0.05769) were true positive (results of both tests positive) cases; 22 samples (0.03846) were false positive (smear test positive and culture test negative) cases; 62 samples (0.10839) were false negative (smear test negative and culture test positive) cases; and 455 samples (0.79545) were true negative (results of both tests negative) cases. Values of test statistics, sensitivity, and specificity were used to compute several inherent other Bayesian test statistics. The a priori probability or prevalence value of tuberculosis in the targeted population was 0.166. The a posteriori probability value computed arithmetically was 0.6614 and that obtained by the graphical method was 0.62. CONCLUSIONS: The smear test was found to be dependable for 95.4% with stable TB infections, and it was not dependable for 34.7% without stable TB infections. The culture test could be regarded as the gold standard for 96.15% as seen with the data set, which was obtained after the implementation of the DOTS program.

RAPD fingerprinting of the ornamental fish Badis badis (Hamilton 1822) and Dario dario (Kullander and Britz 2002) (Perciformes, Badidae) from West Bengal, India

We used random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to generate species-specific diagnostic fragment patterns for the molecular identification of the ornamental aquarium fish species Badis badis and Dario dario. Seven arbitrary oligodecamer primers produced a total of 116 bands of which 98.23 percent were polymorphic. The size of the amplified products was in the range 340 bp to 2170 bp. Intraspecies genetic similarity was 0.879 ± 0.023 for B. badis and 0.840 ± 0.014 for D. dario while interspecies genetic similarity was 0.602 ± 0.017, with cluster analysis displaying separate taxonomic and evolutionary status for these fish. The results show that RAPD was useful for the molecular identification of aquarium fish species, with morphological traits also being important.