RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Foamy viruses are non-pathogenic in vivo and naturally infect all species of non-human primates (NHP). Simian foamy viruses (SFV) are highly prevalent in both free ranging and captive NHP but few longitudinal studies have been performed to assess the prevalence and biodistribution of SFV within captive NHP. METHOD: LTR and pol gene along with Gag antibody detection were undertaken to identify infection in a cohort of over 80 captive macaques. RESULTS: The prevalence of SFV was between 64% and 94% in different groups. Access to 23 dam-infant pairs allowed us to reveal horizontal transfer as the dominant route of SFV transmission in our cohort. Further, analysis of SFV from a range of tissues and blood revealed that macaques as young as six months old can be infected and that proviral biodistribution increases with age. CONCLUSIONS: These are the first data of this type for a captive cohort of cynomolgus macaques.
Assuntos
Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , Macaca fascicularis/virologia , Infecções por Retroviridae/veterinária , Spumavirus/classificação , Spumavirus/genética , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Análise por Conglomerados , Feminino , Produtos do Gene gag/imunologia , Produtos do Gene pol/genética , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Prevalência , RNA Viral/genética , Infecções por Retroviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Retroviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Retroviridae/virologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Spumavirus/isolamento & purificação , Sequências Repetidas TerminaisRESUMO
The infection dynamics and pathology of a retrovirus may be altered by one or more additional viruses. To investigate this further, this study characterized proviral load, biodistribution and the immune response in Macaca fascicularis naturally infected with combinations of simian retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2) and simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I). As the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and the spleen have been implicated previously in response to retroviral infection, the morphology and immunopathology of these tissues were assessed. The data revealed a significant change in SRV-2 biodistribution in macaques infected with STLV-I. Pathological changes were greater in the MLN and spleen of STLV-I-infected and co-infected macaques compared with the other groups. Immune-cell populations in co-infected macaque spleens were increased and there was an atypical distribution of B-cells. These findings suggest that the infection dynamics of each virus in a co-infected individual may be affected to a different extent and that STLV-I appears to be responsible for enhancing the biodistribution and associated pathological changes in SRV-2 in macaques.
Assuntos
Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/veterinária , Macaca fascicularis , Vírus dos Macacos de Mason-Pfizer/fisiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 de Símios/fisiologia , Animais , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/virologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/virologia , Rim/virologia , Tecido Linfoide/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Carga ViralRESUMO
Recent reports have revealed that cynomolgus macaques obtained from different geographic origins may be more or less suitable for particular studies depending on the specific question(s) being addressed, e.g. Mauritian cynomolgus macaques are particularly suitable for detailed immunological studies against a limited genetic background while less conserved populations may be more appropriate to predict breadth of vaccine coverage in the genetically diverse human population. We have characterised MHC haplotypes in 90 Indonesian cynomolgus macaques using microsatellite and reference strand conformational analysis. Thirty unique haplotypes were defined in the cohort, emphasising the high degree of diversity in this population of cynomolgus macaques. The majority of haplotypes were present at a frequency of ≤ 6%. Transcription profiles indicated that each haplotype was associated with two to eight transcribed class I alleles. The results corroborate previous reports of the extensive MHC diversity of Indonesian cynomolgus macaques and provide additional data to inform colony management decisions. Further, definition of the MHC diversity of the population satisfies one of the prerequisites to MHC association studies and detailed immunological investigations in this outbred non-human primate species.
Assuntos
Genes MHC Classe I , Variação Genética , Haplótipos , Macaca fascicularis/genética , Animais , Cruzamento , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Frequência do Gene , Repetições de MicrossatélitesRESUMO
Immunopathology during early simian retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2) infection is poorly characterized. Here, viral dynamics, immune response and disease progression in transiently- or persistently-infected cynomolgus macaques are assessed. Viral nucleic acids were detected in selected lymphoid tissues of both persistently- and transiently-infected macaques, even after viral clearance from the periphery. Immunohistochemical staining of lymphoid tissues revealed alterations in a number of immune cell populations in both transiently- and persistently-infected macaques. The precise pattern depended upon the infection status of the macaque and the marker studied. Gross immunopathological changes in lymphoid tissues were similar between SRV infection and those observed for other simian retroviruses SIV and STLV, suggesting a common immunopathological response to infection with these agents.
