Risk factors for preterm birth: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies.

BACKGROUND: Preterm birth defined as delivery before 37 gestational weeks is a leading cause of neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to summarize the evidence from meta-analyses of observational studies on risk factors associated with PTB, evaluate whether there are indications of biases in this literature, and identify which of the previously reported associations are supported by robust evidence. METHODS: We searched PubMed and Scopus until February 2021, in order to identify meta-analyses examining associations between risk factors and PTB. For each meta-analysis, we estimated the summary effect size, the 95% confidence interval, the 95% prediction interval, the between-study heterogeneity, evidence of small-study effects, and evidence of excess-significance bias. Evidence was graded as robust, highly suggestive, suggestive, and weak. RESULTS: Eighty-five eligible meta-analyses were identified, which included 1480 primary studies providing data on 166 associations, covering a wide range of comorbid diseases, obstetric and medical history, drugs, exposure to environmental agents, infections, and vaccines. Ninety-nine (59.3%) associations were significant at P < 0.05, while 41 (24.7%) were significant at P < 10-6. Ninety-one (54.8%) associations had large or very large heterogeneity. Evidence for small-study effects and excess significance bias was found in 37 (22.3%) and 12 (7.2%) associations, respectively. We evaluated all associations according to prespecified criteria. Seven risk factors provided robust evidence: amphetamine exposure, isolated single umbilical artery, maternal personality disorder, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), prior induced termination of pregnancy with vacuum aspiration (I-TOP with VA), low gestational weight gain (GWG), and interpregnancy interval (IPI) following miscarriage < 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The results from the synthesis of observational studies suggest that seven risk factors for PTB are supported by robust evidence. Routine screening for sleep quality and mental health is currently lacking from prenatal visits and should be introduced. This assessment can promote the development and training of prediction models using robust risk factors that could improve risk stratification and guide cost-effective preventive strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021227296.

Pregnancy physical activity questionnaire: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of a Greek version.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) into Greek culture. STUDY DESIGN: The procedure followed to translate the PPAQ included the stages: forward translation, synthesis, backward translation and an expert committee review. Members of the research team discussed ambiguities, discordances and equivalence at each stage. Then, the pre-final Greek version of the PPAQ was pre-tested on 46 pregnant women; a quantitative and qualitative analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Few modifications were done to the original PPAQ, in order to ensure cultural adaptation and clinical implementation. Appropriate changes to the international metric units were done. In addition, two items have been modified to achieve relevance with Greek culture. Two items were merged into one and three items were splitted, which maintained their initial meaning. Those changes were made to match the energy expenditure compendium update for physical activities. Participants at the pre-test had a mean age of 34,23 years, response time to the questionnaire varied between 5 and 10 min and there were no missing data. No difficulties or misunderstandings were reported by the participants during pre-testing. Thus, the research team agreed on the pre-final PPAQ Greek version. CONCLUSION: The final PPAQ Greek version indicated transcultural equivalence to the original PPAQ in English. It is also a unique questionnaire for assessing physical activity in Greek pregnant women and will be a useful tool in clinical routine.

The HPV-DNA Test in Pregnancy: A Review of the Literature.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virtually necessary cause of cervical cancer, and HPV genotypes are categorized either as high-risk or low-risk based on their potential to cause malignancy of the cervix. HPV-DNA detection is used widely for screening women at risk. However, its clinical significance is not proven sufficiently in pregnancy. The aim of this review was to summarize published data referring to the integration of the HPV-DNA test in cervical cancer screening during pregnancy. PubMed and Scopus were searched for articles investigating the HPV-DNA test during pregnancy as a primary association; greater interest was placed on studies published after 2000. Retrieved articles reported similarities or discrepancies in the HPV-DNA test in pregnant women compared to those who are not pregnant, its accuracy, and its integration in cervical cancer screening. The HPV-DNA test may constitute a helpful tool utilized for monitoring, risk stratification, and triage of cases that require colposcopy. If combined with the HPV-mRNA test, this might improve its specificity. However, when compared to HPV-DNA detection rates in non-pregnant women, the results were ambiguous, without giving the opportunity to draw safe conclusions. Both those findings and the high cost hold it back from wide use. Hence, the Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear) is still the first-line diagnostic tool and colposcopy-guided cervical biopsy is the "gold standard" method for the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) treatment during pregnancy.

Risk factors for preterm labor: An Umbrella Review of meta-analyses of observational studies.

Preterm birth defined as delivery before 37 gestational weeks, is a leading cause of neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality. Understanding its multifactorial nature may improve prediction, prevention and the clinical management. We performed an umbrella review to summarize the evidence from meta-analyses of observational studies on risks factors associated with PTB, evaluate whether there are indications of biases in this literature and identify which of the previously reported associations are supported by robust evidence. We included 1511 primary studies providing data on 170 associations, covering a wide range of comorbid diseases, obstetric and medical history, drugs, exposure to environmental agents, infections and vaccines. Only seven risk factors provided robust evidence. The results from synthesis of observational studies suggests that sleep quality and mental health, risk factors with robust evidence should be routinely screened in clinical practice, should be tested in large randomized trial. Identification of risk factors with robust evidence will promote the development and training of prediction models that could improve public health, in a way that offers new perspectives in health professionals.

Surgical Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis A Review.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a heterogeneous group of conditions encompassing all forms of unknown origin arthritis before the age of 16 years that persist for more than 6 weeks. It is the most common rheumatic disease in young patients and causes severe disabilities, thus an early initiation of the appropriate treatment modalities is necessary. First therapeutic options are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and conventional non-biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, such as methotrexate. Insufficiency of these drugs led to the introduction of new biological medications that selectively target specific cytokines with an objective to suppress the disease. Despite the success in treatment and physical therapy, some of the patients develop advanced arthritis that can result in severe pain and disability. In such cases, surgical intervention is required to improve quality of life. The surgical methods include soft tissue release, osteotomies, synovectomies, and arthrodesis. Total joint replacement is the last option for endstage degenerative conditions (patients with deformity, poor motion, and severe pain). Deep infections, bone perforation, acetabular protrusion, postoperative dislocations, and the need for re-operation are some of the complications of total joint arthroplasty. This review summarizes published studies of the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis focusing mainly on surgical treatment. Our purpose is to evaluate the general trends in treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, focusing on methods, therapeutic advances, and outcomes of the intervention applied.