RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are common and more prevalent than in the general population. This study aims to assess the demographic and clinical risk factors for the diagnosis of sleep disorders in ESRD patients. METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) to evaluate risk factors for the diagnosis of sleep disorders, including hypersomnolence, insomnia, restless leg syndrome (RLS), or obstructive or central sleep apnea (OSA/CSA). All ESRD subjects enrolled in the USRDS between 2004-2015 were eligible for inclusion. The risk factors analyzed were age, race, sex, ethnicity, access type, dialysis modality, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). All statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4, and statistical significance was assessed using an alpha level of 0.05. Descriptive statistics on all variables overall and by each sleep diagnosis were determined. RESULTS: Increasing age, black race, other race, and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with decreased risk of each sleep diagnosis while CCI was associated with increased risk. Females were at increased risk of RLS and insomnia while males were at increased risk of OSA/CSA. Catheter and graft access decreased risk of RLS but increased risk of insomnia compared to AVF access. Catheter access increased risk of OSA/CSA compared to graft access. Hemodialysis increased risk of OSA/CSA compared to peritoneal dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: Some ESRD patients are at an increased risk for diagnosis of sleep disorders based on age, race, sex, comorbid health conditions, and dialysis modality.
RESUMO
This is a proof-of-principle study on the combination of microwaves and multiwalled carbon nanotubes to induce in vivo, localized hyperthermic ablation of cells as a potential methodology for the treatment of localized tumors. Compared to conventional methods, the proposed approach can create higher temperatures in a rapid and localized fashion, under low radiation levels, eliminating some of the unwanted side effects. Following successful ablation of cancer cells in cell culture and zebrafish tumor-xenograft models, it is hypothesized that a cancer treatment can be developed using safe microwave irradiation for selective ablation of tumor cells in vivo using carbon nanotube-Antibody (CNT-Ab) conjugates as a targeting agent. In this study, mice were used as an animal model for the optimization of the proposed microwave treatment strategy. The safe dose of CNT-Ab and microwave radiation levels for mice were determined. Further, CNT-Ab distribution and toxicology in mice were qualitatively determined for a time span of two weeks following microwave hyperthermia. The results indicate no toxicity associated with the CNT-Ab in the absence of microwaves. CNTs are only found in the proximity of the site of injection and have been shown to effectively cause hyperthermia induced necrosis upon exposure to microwaves with no noticeable damage to other tissues that are not in direct contact with the CNT-Ab. To understand the cellular immune response towards CNT-Abs, transgenic zebrafish with fluorescently labeled macrophages and neutrophils were used to assay for their ability to phagocytize CNT-Ab. Our results indicate that macrophages and neutrophils were able to actively phagocytose CNT-Abs shortly after injection. Taken together, this is the first study to show that CNTs can be used in combination with microwaves to cause targeted ablation of cells in mice without any side effects, which would be ideal for cancer therapies.
