An in vivo orthotopic serial passaging model for a metastatic renal cancer study.

We developed an in vivo serial passaging model for renal cancer with orthotopic renal subcapsular inoculation. We detail the procedures for renal subcapsular inoculation of cancer cells in mice, followed by in vivo and exvivo bioluminescence imaging, tumor-bearing kidney dissociation, and in vivo passaging. This protocol is capable of reproducing the coevolution between cancer cells and the primary tumor microenvironment. It enables us to unveil the systemic dynamics of metastasis and develop a therapeutic strategy for metastatic renal cancer. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Nishida et al. (2020).

Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation identifies the apoptosis-related gene UQCRH as a tumor suppressor in renal cancer.

DNA hypermethylation is frequently observed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and correlates with poor clinical outcomes. However, the detailed function of DNA hypermethylation in ccRCC has not been fully uncovered. Here, we show the role of DNA methylation in ccRCC progression through the identification of a target(s) of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT). Our preclinical model of ccRCC using the serial orthotopic inoculation model showed the upregulation of DNMT3B in advanced ccRCC. Pretreatment of advanced ccRCC cells with 5-aza-deoxycytidine, a DNMT inhibitor, attenuated the formation of primary tumors through the induction of apoptosis. DNA methylated sites were analyzed genome-wide using methylation array in reference to RNA-sequencing data. The gene encoding ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase hinge protein (UQCRH), one of the components of mitochondrial complex III, was extracted as a methylation target in advanced ccRCC. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the expression of UQCRH in human ccRCC tissues was lower than normal adjacent tissues. Silencing of UQCRH attenuated the cytochrome c release in response to apoptotic stimuli and resulted in enhancement of primary tumor formation in vivo, implying the tumor-suppressive role of UQCRH. Moreover, 5-aza-deoxycytidine enhanced the therapeutic efficiency of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus in vivo. These findings suggested that the DNMT3B-induced methylation of UQCRH may contribute to renal cancer progression and implicated clinical significance of DNMT inhibitor as a therapeutic option for ccRCC.

Heterogenous expression of endoglin marks advanced renal cancer with distinct tumor microenvironment fitness.

Intratumoral heterogeneity, including in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, is a potential cause of drug resistance and metastatic cancer progression. We specified the heterogeneous population marked by endoglin (also known as CD105) in a preclinical model of clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression. Highly malignant derivatives of human clear cell renal cell carcinoma OS-RC-2 cells were established as OS5Ks by serial orthotopic inoculation in our previous study. Expression of both ENG (encoding endoglin) mRNA and protein were heterogeneously upregulated in OS5Ks, and the endoglin-positive (ENG+ ) population exhibited growth dependency on endoglin in anchorage-independent cultures. Despite the function of endoglin as a type III receptor, transforming growth factor ß and bone morphogenetic protein-9 signaling were unlikely to contribute to the proliferative phenotype. Although endoglin has been proposed as a marker for renal cancer-initiating cells, the OS5K-3 ENG+ population did not enrich other reported cancer-initiating cell markers or differentiate into the ENG- population. Mouse tumor inoculation models revealed that the tumor-forming capabilities of OS5K-3 ENG+ and ENG- cells in vivo were highly dependent on the microenvironment, with the renal microenvironment most preferable to ENG+ cells. In conclusion, the renal microenvironment, rather than the hypothesized ENG+ cell-centered hierarchy, maintains cellular heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Therefore, the effect of the microenvironment should be considered when evaluating the proliferative capability of renal cancer cells in the experimental settings.

Epigenetic remodelling shapes inflammatory renal cancer and neutrophil-dependent metastasis.

Advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) frequently causes systemic inflammation. Recent studies have shown that cancer cells reshape the immune landscape by secreting cytokines or chemokines. This phenotype, called cancer-cell-intrinsic inflammation, triggers a metastatic cascade. Here, we identified the functional role and regulatory mechanism of inflammation driven by advanced ccRCC cells. The inflammatory nature of advanced ccRCC was recapitulated in a preclinical model of ccRCC. Amplification of cancer-cell-intrinsic inflammation during ccRCC progression triggered neutrophil-dependent lung metastasis. Massive expression of inflammation-related genes was transcriptionally activated by epigenetic remodelling through mechanisms such as DNA demethylation and super-enhancer formation. A bromodomain and extra-terminal motif inhibitor synchronously suppressed C-X-C-type chemokines in ccRCC cells and decreased neutrophil-dependent lung metastasis. Overall, our findings provide insight into the nature of inflammatory ccRCC, which triggers metastatic cascades, and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy.

c-Ski accelerates renal cancer progression by attenuating transforming growth factor ß signaling.

Although transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) is known to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of many cancers, its role in renal cancer has not been fully investigated. In the present study, we examined the role of TGF-ß in clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) progression in vitro and in vivo. First, expression levels of TGF-ß signaling pathway components were examined. Microarray and immunohistochemical analyses showed that the expression of c-Ski, a transcriptional corepressor of Smad-dependent TGF-ß and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, was higher in ccRCC tissues than in normal renal tissues. Next, a functional analysis of c-Ski effects was carried out. Bioluminescence imaging of renal orthotopic tumor models demonstrated that overexpression of c-Ski in human ccRCC cells promoted in vivo tumor formation. Enhancement of tumor formation was also reproduced by the introduction of a dominant-negative mutant TGF-ß type II receptor into ccRCC cells. In contrast, introduction of the BMP signaling inhibitor Noggin failed to accelerate tumor formation, suggesting that the tumor-promoting effect of c-Ski depends on the inhibition of TGF-ß signaling rather than of BMP signaling. Finally, the molecular mechanism of the tumor-suppressive role of TGF-ß was assessed. Although TGF-ß signaling did not affect tumor angiogenesis, apoptosis of ccRCC cells was induced by TGF-ß. Taken together, these findings suggest that c-Ski suppresses TGF-ß signaling in ccRCC cells, which, in turn, attenuates the tumor-suppressive effect of TGF-ß.