Pregnancy-associated diabetes insipidus in Japan-a review based on quoting from the literatures reported during the period from 1982 to 2019.

This Review Article overviews the literature on diabetes insipidus (DI) associated with pregnancy and labor in Japan published from 1982 to 2019. The total number of patients collected was 361, however, only one-third of these cases had detailed pathophysiologic information enabling us to identify the respective etiology and subtype. Pregnancy-associated DI can be divided into 3 etiologies, central (neurogenic) DI, nephrogenic DI, and excess vasopressinase-associated DI. Neurogenic DI has various causes: for example, DI associated with tumoral lesions in the pituitary and neighboring area, DI associated with Sheehan's syndrome and/or pituitary apoplexy, and DI associated with lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis (LINH, stalkitis). Nephrogenic DI results from defective response of the kidney to normal levels of vasopressin. However, the most interesting causal factor of pregnancy-associated DI is excess vasopressinase, caused either by excess production of vasopressinase by the placenta or defective clearance of vasopressinase by the liver. Hepatic complications resulting in pregnancy-associated DI include acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) and HELLP syndrome (syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets), as well as pre-existing or co-incidental hepatic diseases. A possible role of glucose uptake in putative stress-induced DI and the importance of correct diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy-associated DI, including use of 1-deamino 8-D arginine vasopressin, are also discussed.

Cortisol overproduction results from DNA methylation of CYP11B1 in hypercortisolemia.

Adrenocortical hormone excess, due to primary aldosteronism (PA) or hypercortisolemia, causes hypertension and cardiovascular complications. In PA, hypomethylation of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) is associated with aldosterone overproduction. However, in hypercortisolemia, the role of DNA methylation of 11ß-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), which catalyzes cortisol biosynthesis and is highly homologous to CYP11B2, is unclear. The aims of our study were to determine whether the CYP11B1 expression was regulated through DNA methylation in hypercortisolemia with cortisol-producing adenoma (CPA), and to investigate a possible relationship between DNA methylation and somatic mutations identified in CPA. Methylation analysis showed that the CYP11B1 promoter was significantly less methylated in CPA than in adjacent unaffected adrenal tissue and white blood cells. Furthermore, in CPA with somatic mutations in either the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PRKACA) or the guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha (GNAS) gene, the CYP11B1 promoter was significantly hypomethylated. In addition, DNA methylation reduced CYP11B1 promoter activity using a reporter assay. Our study results suggest that DNA methylation at the CYP11B1 promoter plays a role in the regulation of CYP11B1 expression and cortisol production in CPA, and that somatic mutations associated with CPA reduce DNA methylation at the CYP11B1 promoter.

Safety and Antihypertensive Effect of Selara® (Eplerenone): Results from a Postmarketing Surveillance in Japan.

Prospective postmarketing surveillance of Selara (eplerenone), a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, was performed to confirm its safety and efficacy for hypertension treatment in Japan. The change in blood pressure after initiation of eplerenone treatment was also examined. Patients with essential hypertension who were eplerenone-naïve were recruited regardless of the use of other antihypertensive drugs. For examination of changes in blood pressure, patients were excluded if eplerenone was contraindicated or used off-label. Patients received 50-100 mg of eplerenone once daily and were observed for 12 weeks. No treatments including antihypertensive drugs were restricted during the surveillance period. Across Japan, 3,166 patients were included for safety analysis. The incidence of adverse drug reactions was 2.4%. The major adverse drug reactions observed were hyperkalemia (0.6%), dizziness, renal impairment, and increased serum potassium (0.2% each). The mean systolic blood pressure decreased from 152.1 ± 19.0 mmHg to 134.8 ± 15.2 mmHg at week 12, and the mean diastolic blood pressure decreased from 85.8 ± 13.7 mmHg to 77.7 ± 11.4 mmHg. There were no significant new findings regarding the type or incidence of adverse reactions, and eplerenone had a clinically significant antihypertensive effect, leading to favorable blood pressure control.

Molecular detection of trisomy 21 by bicolor competitive fluorescent PCR.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a reliable and specific method for rapid prenatal diagnosis of Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). METHODS: We established a dual color competitive fluorescent Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to measure the gene dosage of Down syndrome critical region (DSCR), a single copy sequence in chromosome 21. Another unique single copy sequence located on chromosome 2 (USC2) but not glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was chose as reference gene. RESULTS: The DSCR3/USC2 ratio of peripheral blood in trisomy 21 syndrome patients to normal subjects was 1.41∼1.74 to 0.93∼1.15, respectively (p < 0.01). Dual color competitive fluorescent PCR technique effectively differentiates the normal subjects from the Down syndrome patients. Next, according to the dual color competitive fluorescence quantitative PCR, among the 46 pregnant women, 3 cases were Down syndrome and 43 cases were normal, and these were confirmed by cytogenetic karyotype analysis. CONCLUSION: This indicated that the new technique may be a reliable and specific method for the rapid prenatal diagnosis of Trisomy 21.

A crossover comparison of urinary albumin excretion as a new surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease among 4 types of calcium channel blockers.

BACKGROUND: At the intervention for cardiovascular disease (CVD), albuminuria is a new pivotal target. Calcium channel blocker (CCB) is one of the most expected agents. Currently CCBs have been classified by delivery system, half-life and channel types. We tested anti-albuminuric effect among 4 types of CCBs. METHODS: Subjects were 50 hypertensives (SBP/DBP 164.7±17.1/92.3±12.2mmHg, s-Cr 0.81±0.37mg/dl, urinary albumin excretion (UAE) 69.4 (33.5-142.6) mg/gCr). Four CCBs were administered in a crossover setting: nifedipine CR, a long biological half-life L type by controlled release; cilnidipine, an N/L type; efonidipine, a T/L type; and amlodipine, a long biological half-life L type. RESULTS: Comparable BP reductions were obtained. UAE at endpoints ware as follows (mg/gCr, *P<0.01): nifedipine CR 30.8 (17.3-81.1),* cilnidipine 33.9 (18.0-67.7),* efonidipine 51.0 (21.2-129.8), amlodipine 40.6 (18.7-94.7). By all agents, significant augmentations were observed in PRA, angiotensin I and angiotensin II (AngII). AngII at cilnidipine was significantly lower than that at amlodipine. PAC at cilnidipine and efonidipine was significantly lower than that at amlodipine. Nifedipine CR significantly reduced ANP concentration. CONCLUSIONS: It is revealed that only nifedipine CR and cilnidipine could reduce albuminuria statistically. Thus, it is suggested that the 2 CCBs might be favorable for organ protection in hypertensives.

Differential effects of α-glucosidase inhibitors on postprandial plasma glucose and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes under control with insulin lispro mix 50/50.

BACKGROUND: The additive effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors (α-GIs) was investigated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) under control with rapid-acting insulin analog. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-six poorly controlled T2D patients were recruited, and plasma glucose (PG) was controlled by three times daily injection of insulin lispro mix 50/50 (Mix50) to maintain fasting PG <130 mg/dL and 2-h postprandial PG (PPG) <180 mg/dL. Another group of 20 patients was randomly assigned to either 0.3 mg of voglibose or 50 mg of miglitol, which was administered at breakfast every other day. Another group of 16 patients was assigned to a crossover study, in which each α-GI was switched every day during the 6-day study. PPG, C-peptide, and lipid profile were analyzed. RESULTS: The addition of voglibose had no effect on PPG, but miglitol blunted the PPG rise and significantly decreased 1-h and 2-h postprandial C-peptide levels compared with Mix50 alone. In addition, miglitol significantly decreased the 1-h postprandial triglyceride rise and the remnant-like particle-cholesterol rise, while it increased the 1-h postprandial high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels in the crossover study. CONCLUSIONS: Miglitol appears to have rapid action, which appears earlier than that of lispro. The combination of miglitol and Mix50 seems effective for the control of PPG and lipid profile in T2D.

Aldosterone inhibits endothelial morphogenesis and angiogenesis through the downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression subsequent to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.

Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease, limb ischemia and heart failure, and has recently been shown to mediate various biological activities related to the pathogenesis of these diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the role of aldosterone in angiogenesis. Tube formation assay on Matrigel using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) revealed that aldosterone inhibited endothelial morphogenesis in a manner sensitive to eplerenone, a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. The anti-angiogenic effect of aldosterone was further confirmed by an in vivo angiogenesis assay using a Matrigel plug model in mice. Reverse transcription-mediated polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting demonstrated that aldosterone downregulated the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma). VEGFR-2 expression was found to be enhanced in response to PPAR gamma activation by troglitazone, and attenuated by GW9662, a specific antagonist of PPAR gamma. In the tube formation assay, endothelial morphogenesis was stimulated by troglitazone, and inhibited by GW9662, indicating that PPAR gamma activation mediates positive regulation of angiogenesis through enhancement of VEGFR-2 expression. These data suggest that aldosterone inhibits angiogenesis through VEGFR-2 downregulation, subsequent to, at least in part, attenuation of PPAR gamma expression. The present findings provide a new insight into the possible therapeutic application of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade to various cardiovascular diseases.

Comparative reactivity of remnant-like lipoprotein particles (RLP) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to LDL receptor and VLDL receptor: effect of a high-dose statin on VLDL receptor expression.

BACKGROUND: Comparison of the reactivity of remnant-like lipoprotein particles (RLP) and LDL particles to LDL receptor and VLDL receptor has not been investigated. METHODS: LDL receptor- or VLDL receptor-transfected ldlA-7, HepG2 and L6 cells were used. Human LDL and rabbit ß-VLDL were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Human RLP was isolated using an immunoaffinity mixed gel. The effect of statin on lipoprotein receptors was examined. RESULTS: Both LDL receptor and VLDL receptor recognized RLP. In LDL receptor transfectants, RLP, ß-VLDL and LDL all bound to LDL receptor. Cold RLP competed efficiently with DiI-ß-VLDL; however, cold LDL competed weakly. In VLDL receptor transfectants, RLP and ß-VLDL bound to VLDL receptor, but not LDL. RLP bound to VLDL receptor with higher affinity than ß-VLDL because of higher apolipoprotein E in RLP. LDL receptor expression was induced in HepG2 by the low concentration of statin while VLDL receptor expression was induced in L6 myoblasts at higher concentration. CONCLUSIONS: RLP are bound to hepatic LDL receptor more efficiently than LDL, which may explain the mechanism by which statins prevent cardiovascular risk by primarily reducing plasma RLP rather than by reducing LDL. Additionally, a high-dose of statins also may reduce plasma RLP through muscular VLDL receptor.

A case of Gitelman syndrome associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

An 18-year-old woman with Gitelman syndrome (GS) associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is described. She was obese and showed a 10 kg gain in body weight over a period of 8 months. She presented with headache, vomiting, and diplopia. She had bilateral papilledema, and right abducens palsy. CSF examination demonstrated high pressure (over 320 mmH(2)O) with normal cytochemistry. Brain MRI was normal. She showed mild alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, increased plasma renin activity, and normal blood pressure. Two heterozygous mutations in the SLC12A3 gene were identified. Therefore, she was diagnosed as GS with IIH. We should keep in mind the possible occurrence of IIH in GS.

Activation of Src-ATF1 pathway is involved in upregulation of Nox1, a catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase, by aldosterone.

In this study, we mainly focused on how aldosterone regulates Nox1, a catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). We found that aldosterone can induce the expression of Nox1, which is upregulated by the activation of the Src and activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1), but can not be suppressed by the inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP). Aldosterone triggers ATF1 phosphorylation in dose dependent fashion, but this effect is not blocked by actinomycin D, suggesting a non-genomic effect of aldosterone. On the other hand, aldosterone induced Nox1 expression can be suppressed by the gene silencing of the ATF1 using RNA interference. Furthermore, silencing ATF1 can also attenuate aldosterone-induced O(2)(-) production and protein synthesis, and inhibit hypertrophy in this vascular cell lineage. In short, our results primarily unveiled the relationship between aldosterone and Nox1 expression and the regulation mechanism of their signal pathways in the hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cell. Src, ATF1, Nox1 and MR are likely efficient targets in the treating of vascular diseases but need more study.

Species differences of macrophage very low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor protein expression.

Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are independent risk factors for coronary artery disease. We have previously proposed that the very low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor is one of the receptors required for foam cell formation by TGRLs in human macrophages. However, the VLDL receptor proteins have not been detected in atherosclerotic lesions of several animal models. Here we showed no VLDL receptor protein was detected in mouse macrophage cell lines (Raw264.7 and J774.2) or in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, no VLDL receptor protein was detected in macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions of chow-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient or cholesterol-fed LDL receptor-deficient mice in vivo. In contrast, macrophage VLDL receptor protein was clearly detected in human macrophages in vitro and in atherosclerotic lesions in myocardial infarction-prone Watanabe-heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHLMI) rabbits in vivo. There are species differences in the localization of VLDL receptor protein in vitro and in vivo. Since VLDL receptor is expressed on macrophages in atheromatous plaques of both rabbit and human but not in mouse models, the mechanisms of atherogenesis and/or growth of atherosclerotic lesions in mouse models may be partly different from those of humans and rabbits.

Changes in aromatase (CYP19) gene promoter usage in non-small cell lung cancer.

In humans, aromatase (CYP19) gene expression is regulated via alternative promoters. Activation of each promoter gives rise to a CYP19 mRNA species with a unique 5'-untranslated region. Inhibition of aromatase has been reported to downregulate lung tumor growth. The genetic basis for CYP19 gene expression and aromatase activity in lung cancer remains poorly understood. We analyzed tissues from 15 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to evaluate CYP19 promoter usage and promoter-specific aromatase mRNA levels in NSCLC tumor tissues and adjacent non-malignant tissues. CYP19 promoter usage was determined by multiplex RT-PCR and aromatase mRNA levels were measured with real-time RT-PCR. In non-malignant tissues, aromatase mRNA was primarily derived from activation of CYP19 promoter I.4. Although promoter I.4 usage was also dominant in tumor tissues, I.4 activation was significantly lower compared with adjacent non-malignant tissues. Activity of promoters I.3, I.1 and I.7 was significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with non-malignant tissues. In 4 of 15 cases of non-small cell lung cancer, switching from CYP19 promoter I.4 to the alternative promoters II, I.1 or I.7 was observed. In 9 cases, there were significantly higher levels of aromatase mRNA in lung tumor tissues compared with adjacent non-malignant tissues. These findings suggest aberrant activation of alternative CYP19 promoters that may lead to upregulation of local aromatase expression in some cases of NSCLC. Further studies are needed to examine the impact of alternative CYP19 promoter usage on local estrogen levels and lung tumor growth.

The mitochondria mediate the induction of NOX1 gene expression by aldosterone in an ATF-1-dependent manner.

High aldosterone (Ald) levels can induce hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which carries high risks of heart failure. A previous study showed that Ald induces hypertrophy of VSMCs by up-regulating NOX1, a catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase that produces superoxides. However, the precise mechanism remains unknown. Diphenylene iodonium (DPI) is known as an inhibitor of complex I in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and it was also found to almost completely suppress the induction of NOX1 mRNA and the phosphorylation of activating transcription factor (ATF-1) by PGF2α or PDGF in a rat VSMC cell line. In this study, we found that the Ald-induced phosphorylation of ATF-1 and NOX1 expression was significantly suppressed by DPI. Silencing of ATF-1 gene expression attenuated the induction of NOX1 mRNA expression, and over-expression of ATF-1 restored Ald-induced NOX1 expression. On the basis of this data, we show that the mitochondria mediate aldosterone-induced NOX1 gene expression in an ATF-1-dependent manner.

Abnormal myocardial energy-production state in mitochondrial cardiomyopathy and acute response to L-arginine infusion. C-11 acetate kinetics revealed by positron emission tomography.

BACKGROUND: Cardiomyopathy is a life-threatening condition in patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (known as MELAS). However, no effective therapy has been available until now. In the present study cardiac energetics and acute effects of L-arginine (Arg) were evaluated in MELAS patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: The 6 patients with MELAS (M-group) and 6 volunteers (C-group) underwent dynamic C-11 acetate positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. TCA-cycle metabolic rate (k(mono)), myocardial efficiency (double product (DP)/k(mono)), and myocardial blood flow (MBF) were determined before and after L-Arg administration. Baseline k(mono) showed a lower value in the M-group than in the C-group (0.051±0.013 vs 0.070±0.019min(-1), P=0.055). On the other hand, baseline DP/k(mono) was significantly greater in the M-group (1.69±5.9 vs 0.95±1.2×10(5), P=0.004). After L-Arg administration, 4 patients showed significant elevation of k(mono). No relationship was observed between the distribution of k(mono) elevation and the increase in MBF. CONCLUSIONS: The TCA cycle metabolic rate is markedly suppressed in MELAS patients, indicating a shift in energy production to the anaerobic pathway, leading to a paradoxical increase in myocardial efficiency. L-Arg can enhance TCA-cycle metabolism, regardless of its vasodilatation effect, and can be used as a treatment for patients with mitochondrial cardiomyopathy.

A new-generation N/L-type calcium channel blocker leads to less activation of the renin-angiotensin system compared with conventional L type calcium channel blocker.

OBJECTIVE: Calcium channel blocker (CCB) is one of the most useful antihypertensive agents. However, the activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an unfavorable characteristic. N-type calcium channel is thought to be involved in catecholamine's release. Accordingly, N/L-type CCB has a probability of less activation of the RAS. We substantiated the hypothesis that N/L-type CCB, cilnidipine, leads to less activation of the RAS compared with conventional L-type CCB, amlodipine. DESIGN: Randomized, cross-over study. SETTING: Outpatient study. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 110 hypertensive patients [male/female 46/64, age 66.3 ± 10.8 years, systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 161.8 ± 16.9/92.9 ± 12.4 mmHg, s-Cr 0.77 ± 0.32 mg/dl, plasma renin activity (PRA) 0.65 ± 0.63 ng/ml per h, angiotensin I (AngI) 70.5 ± 77.3 pg/ml, angiotensin II (AngII) 5.2 ± 3.9 pg/ml, plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) 76.3 ± 35.9 pg/ml, urinary albumin excretion (UAE) 108.1 ± 284.2 mg/gCr]. Amlodipine besilate or cilnidipine was administered for 12 weeks in a cross-over manner as a monotherapy with an intention-to-treat fashion by titrating doses. Final doses of amlodipine besilate and cilnidipine were 6.6 ± 2.7 and 13.7 ± 5.1 mg/day, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in blood pressure, PRA, AngI, AngII, PAC, UAE of baseline and each end of amlodipine besilate and cilnidipine administration. RESULTS: Results were as follows (amlodipine vs. cilnidipine): SBP/DBP (mmHg): 135.2 ± 11.7/79.8 ± 9.6 vs. 136.7 ± 13.2/79.5 ± 10.9, P = 0.22/0.74; PRA (ng/ml per h): 1.16 ± 1.03 vs. 0.95 ± 0.78, P < 0.01; AngI (pg/ml): 155.0 ± 306.4 vs. 101.8 ± 92.0, P < 0.05; AngII (pg/ml): 12.0 ± 12.3 vs. 7.1 ± 4.5, P < 0.001; PAC (pg/ml): 81.6 ± 37.9 vs. 74.3 ± 36.2, P < 0.05; UAE (mg/gCr): 145.4 ± 424.5 vs. 58.8 ± 125.1, P < 0.05. Thus, in spite of the comparable blood pressure reductions, each level of components of the RAS at cilnidipine administration was significantly lower than those at amlodipine. Apart from this, UAE at cilnidipine administration was also significantly lower than that at amlodipine. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that cilnidipine leads to less activation of the RAS compared with amlodipine for the first time in human clinical patients and therefore cilnidipine might be expected to be superior in organ protection in addition to the antialbuminuric effect.

Protein kinase C-delta is involved in induction of NOX1 gene expression by aldosterone in rat vascular smooth muscle cells.

In this study, we focused on the relationship between aldosterone and NOX1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). For the first time, with the use of specific inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), we report that PKCdelta mediates upregulation of NOX1 induced by 10 nM aldosterone in cultured VSMCs. Participation of PKC in the mediation of NOX1 regulation was further confirmed by the effect of diacylglycerol, a PKC agonist, on the NOX1 RNA in A7r5 cells with Northern blot analysis. To establish cause and effect, we next silenced the PKCdelta gene partly by RNA interference and found knockdown of PKCdelta gene attenuated aldosterone-induced NOX1 expression, generation of superoxide, as well as protein synthesis in VSMCs. Taken together, these data indicated PKCdelta might mediate aldosterone-dependent NOX1 upregulation in VSMCs. In addition, we showed that the cascade from aldosterone to PKCdelta activation had the participation of the mineralocorticoid receptor.

Effects of hormone-sensitive lipase disruption on cardiac energy metabolism in response to fasting and refeeding.

Increased fatty acid (FA) flux and intracellular lipid accumulation (steatosis) give rise to cardiac lipotoxicity in both pathological and physiological conditions. Since hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) contributes to intracellular lipolysis in adipose tissue and heart, we investigated the impact of HSL disruption on cardiac energy metabolism in response to fasting and refeeding. HSL-knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were fasted for 24 h, followed by ∼6 h of refeeding. Plasma FA concentration in WT mice was elevated twofold with fasting, whereas KO mice lacked this elevation, resulting in twofold lower cardiac FA uptake compared with WT mice. Echocardiography showed that fractional shortening was 15% decreased during fasting in WT mice and was associated with steatosis, whereas both of these changes were absent in KO mice. Compared with Langendorff-perfused hearts isolated from fasted WT mice, the isolated KO hearts also displayed higher contractile function and a blunted response to FA. Although cardiac glucose uptake in KO mice was comparable with WT mice under all conditions tested, cardiac VLDL uptake and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were twofold higher in KO mice during fasting. The KO hearts showed undetectable activity of neutral cholesteryl esterase and 40% lower non-LPL triglyceride lipase activity compared with WT hearts in refed conditions accompanied by overt steatosis, normal cardiac function, and increased mRNA expression of adipose differentiation-related protein. Thus, the dissociation between cardiac steatosis and functional sequelae observed in HSL-KO mice suggests that excess FA influx, rather than steatosis per se, appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac lipotoxicity.

Genetic variant of the Renin-Angiotensin system and diabetes influences blood pressure response to Angiotensin receptor blockers.

OBJECTIVE Recent studies have proven the favorable effects of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) on cardiovascular and renal disorders. However, determinants of the response to ARBs remain unclear. We substantiated the hypothesis that genetic variants of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have significant impacts on the response to ARBs. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Subjects comprised 231 consecutively enrolled hypertensive individuals including 45 type 2 diabetic subjects. Five genetic variants of the RAS, i.e., renin (REN) C-5312T, ACE insertion/deletion, angiotensinogen M235T, angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C, and angiotensin II type 2 receptor C3123A were assayed by PCR and restriction fragment-length polymorphism. A dose of 40-160 mg/day of valsartan was administered for 3 months as a monotherapy. RESULTS Changes in diastolic blood pressure significantly differed between genotypes of REN C-5312T: 10.7-mmHg reduction (from 95.9 +/- 12.9 to 85.2 +/- 11.4) in CC versus 7.0-mmHg reduction (from 94.7 +/- 14.0 to 87.7 +/- 12.6) in CT/TT (P = 0.02 for interactive effects of valsartan and genotype). Responder rates also differed between the genotypes: 72.8% in CC versus 58.0% in CT/TT (P = 0.03). Univariate analysis indicated a significant association of response to valsartan with blood pressure, diabetes, plasma aldosterone concentration, and CC homozygotes of REN C-5312T. Finally, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that systolic blood pressure, CC homozygotes of REN C-5312T, and diabetes were independent predictors for responders with odds ratios (95% CI) of 2.49 (1.41-4.42), 2.03 (1.10-3.74), and 0.48 (0.24-0.96), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study provides strong support that a genetic variant of REN C-5312T and diabetes contribute to the effects of ARBs and are independent predictors for responder. Thus, in treatment of hypertension with ARBs, a new possibility for personalized medicine has been shown.