RESUMO
Requirements and procedures for determining steam sterilization cycles for lubricated and nonlubricated, complex, mechanical equipment are established. Factors affecting exposure times are discussed, as are procedures and data needed to determine the penetrability of steam into mechanical equipment, and the effect of lubricating oil in impeding steam penetration to the spore. The total effects of these factors in sterilizing times are presented. Sterilizers with a prevacuum cycle, which can remove air from the equipment efficiently and replace it with saturated steam, are recommended for complex mechanical equipment.
Assuntos
Equipamentos e Provisões Hospitalares , Vapor , Esterilização/métodos , Geobacillus stearothermophilus/citologia , Temperatura Alta , Óleos , Esporos Bacterianos/citologia , Esterilização/instrumentação , Esterilização/normasRESUMO
15alpha-Hydroxycanrenone (1b) was prepared from canrenone (1a) by microbiological oxidation with a penicillium species. The product was identical with one obtained from the metabolism of spironolactone(3) in human. Oxidation of 1b with Jones regent furnished the corresponding 15-oxocanrenone (1d) which underwent base-catalyzed beta elimination to generate an alpha,beta-unsaturated cyclopentenone system. 15alpha-Hydroxycanrenone (1b) failed to show antimineralocorticoid activity at the screening dose of 2.4 mg while the oxo derivative 1d exhibited approximately 15% the activity of 3. Since the activity of canrenone is 38% that of spironolactone, introduction of the carbonyl group at the 15 position of canrenone resulted in a reduction in activity. This effect is opposite to that observed with 6-dehydroprogesterone.
Assuntos
Canrenona/metabolismo , Pregnadienos/metabolismo , Espironolactona/metabolismo , Animais , Canrenona/análogos & derivados , Canrenona/farmacologia , Fenômenos Químicos , Química , Desoxicorticosterona/antagonistas & inibidores , Humanos , Penicillium/metabolismo , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The microbial transformation of 8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine (compound I) was undertaken to obtain new derivatives. Compound I was transformed by Hormodendrum sp. (NRRL 8133) to 8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-11-one (compound II) and 2-(2-amino-4-chlorophenoxy)benzyl alcohol (compound IV). Microbial cleavage of the nonaromatic ring to form compound IV was accomplished by several other fungi. Compound I was transformed to 8-chlorodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine (compound III) by Hormodendrum cladosporioides (NRRL 8132).
Assuntos
Azepinas/metabolismo , Fungos Mitospóricos/metabolismo , Oxazepinas/metabolismoRESUMO
Aspergillus caespitosus NRRL 5769 growing in broth containing small amounts of sitosterol produced substance(s) with greater inhibitory activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 than in broth without sitosterol. Subsequent isolation, purification, and structural elucidation yielded 5,6-dihydro-5(S)-acetoxy-6(S)-1,2-trans-epoxypropyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (asperline (1), compound I) and two new metabolites. These were 5,6-dihydro-5(S)-acetoxy-6(S)-(1,2-trans propenyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (compound II) and 5,6-dihydro-5(R)-acetoxy-6(S)-(1,2-trans-epoxy-propyl)-H-pyran-2-one (compound III). These three metabolites showed anti-microbial activity against C. albicans and against specific bacteria, fungi, and a trichomonad.
