RESUMO
Development of Glyphodes pyloalis Walker was studied under laboratory conditions at constant temperatures of 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 30, 32, and 36 °C. No development occurred at 36 °C. Although eggs hatched at 12 ºC, no larvae were capable of developing to adult stage. At 16 ºC, survival rate was low (4%) and prepupal stage lasted 101.68 ± 11.03 d. Larvae completed development through six stadia at 16, 30, and 32 °C. Developmental time of overall immature stages varied from 46.62 d at 20 °C to 22.04 d at 30 °C and increased at 32 °C. The lower temperature thresholds of 10.30 and 11.22 °C, and thermal constants of 429.18 and 401.88 DD were estimated by traditional and Ikemoto-Takai linear models, respectively. The Tmin values estimated by Analytis, Briere-2, Lactin-2, and Sharpe-Schoolfield-Ikemoto (SSI) for overall immature stages were 12.40, 12.92, 9.00, and 13.04 °C, respectively. The fastest development temperatures (Tfast) of 31.1, 31.1, 30.8, and 30.7 °C were estimated for overall immature stages based on Analytis, Briere-2, Lactin-2, and SSI, respectively. The intrinsic optimum temperature (Topt) estimated from the thermodynamic SSI model for total developmental time was 24.63 °C, in which the maximal active state enzymes involved in developmental process. The nonlinear models of Analytis, Lactin-2, Briere-2, and SSI estimated the upper temperature thresholds (Tmax) at 36.66, 35.97, 38.88, and 34.05 °C, respectively. These ï¬ndings could be used to predict the population dynamics of G. pyloalis for an effective management.