Hepatic Ablation Technology: Assessment of Conflicts of Interest in Recent Literature.

INTRODUCTION: Collaboration between the health care industry and surgeons is critical in modern medicine. Conflict of interest (COI) has the risk of introducing bias into research studies. We investigated the accuracy of self-disclosed COI for studies that researched the use of microwave ablation for liver metastasis. METHODS: A literature search identified studies that investigated the use of microwave ablation for liver cancer between 2016 and 2022. We utilized the Open Payments Database to query individual authors' financial contributions from the industry. The accuracy of the disclosure statement and financial contribution for each study and author was calculated. We compared the amount of financial contribution authors received based on the accuracy of their COI statement. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies of interest were identified. The mean number of authors was 8.24. A disclosure statement was present in 52% of studies. Of those, 28% had an incongruent disclosure statement. 9/25 (36%) of studies had a conflict of interest based on financial payments provided by industry. Overall, authors received an average of $440,483.41 (SD $1,889,375.34). We did not find a difference in the financial contribution's value based on the disclosure statement's accuracy (P = .55). CONCLUSIONS: Over a quarter of studies in our review of microwave ablation literature had discrepancies in the reporting of conflicts of interest, highlighting the need for improved reporting of potential conflicts of interest to protect the integrity of clinical research. Compared to other fields of surgery, we found a lower rate of undisclosed COI, suggesting that the scope of cancer-directed surgery may be more resistant to industry influence.

Dr. Google to Dr. ChatGPT: assessing the content and quality of artificial intelligence-generated medical information on appendicitis.

INTRODUCTION: Generative artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots have recently been posited as potential sources of online medical information for patients making medical decisions. Existing online patient-oriented medical information has repeatedly been shown to be of variable quality and difficult readability. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the content and quality of AI-generated medical information on acute appendicitis. METHODS: A modified DISCERN assessment tool, comprising 16 distinct criteria each scored on a 5-point Likert scale (score range 16-80), was used to assess AI-generated content. Readability was determined using the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) scores. Four popular chatbots, ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4, Bard, and Claude-2, were prompted to generate medical information about appendicitis. Three investigators independently scored the generated texts blinded to the identity of the AI platforms. RESULTS: ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Bard, and Claude-2 had overall mean (SD) quality scores of 60.7 (1.2), 62.0 (1.0), 62.3 (1.2), and 51.3 (2.3), respectively, on a scale of 16-80. Inter-rater reliability was 0.81, 0.75, 0.81, and 0.72, respectively, indicating substantial agreement. Claude-2 demonstrated a significantly lower mean quality score compared to ChatGPT-4 (p = 0.001), ChatGPT-3.5 (p = 0.005), and Bard (p = 0.001). Bard was the only AI platform that listed verifiable sources, while Claude-2 provided fabricated sources. All chatbots except for Claude-2 advised readers to consult a physician if experiencing symptoms. Regarding readability, FKGL and FRE scores of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Bard, and Claude-2 were 14.6 and 23.8, 11.9 and 33.9, 8.6 and 52.8, 11.0 and 36.6, respectively, indicating difficulty readability at a college reading skill level. CONCLUSION: AI-generated medical information on appendicitis scored favorably upon quality assessment, but most either fabricated sources or did not provide any altogether. Additionally, overall readability far exceeded recommended levels for the public. Generative AI platforms demonstrate measured potential for patient education and engagement about appendicitis.

Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Signaling Pathways and Epigenetic Regulation.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are characterized by dysregulated signaling pathways that are crucial for tumor formation and progression. The efficacy of traditional therapies is limited, particularly in the treatment of PNETs at an advanced stage. Epigenetic alterations profoundly impact the activity of signaling pathways in cancer development, offering potential opportunities for drug development. There is currently a lack of extensive research on epigenetic regulation in PNETs. To fill this gap, we first summarize major signaling events that are involved in PNET development. Then, we discuss the epigenetic regulation of these signaling pathways in the context of both PNETs and commonly occurring-and therefore more extensively studied-malignancies. Finally, we will offer a perspective on the future research direction of the PNET epigenome and its potential applications in patient care.

Can Artificial Intelligence Improve the Readability of Patient Education Materials on Aortic Stenosis? A Pilot Study.

INTRODUCTION: The advent of generative artificial intelligence (AI) dialogue platforms and large language models (LLMs) may help facilitate ongoing efforts to improve health literacy. Additionally, recent studies have highlighted inadequate health literacy among patients with cardiac disease. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether two freely available generative AI dialogue platforms could rewrite online aortic stenosis (AS) patient education materials (PEMs) to meet recommended reading skill levels for the public. METHODS: Online PEMs were gathered from a professional cardiothoracic surgical society and academic institutions in the USA. PEMs were then inputted into two AI-powered LLMs, ChatGPT-3.5 and Bard, with the prompt "translate to 5th-grade reading level". Readability of PEMs before and after AI conversion was measured using the validated Flesch Reading Ease (FRE), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook Index (SMOGI), and Gunning-Fog Index (GFI) scores. RESULTS: Overall, 21 PEMs on AS were gathered. Original readability measures indicated difficult readability at the 10th-12th grade reading level. ChatGPT-3.5 successfully improved readability across all four measures (p < 0.001) to the approximately 6th-7th grade reading level. Bard successfully improved readability across all measures (p < 0.001) except for SMOGI (p = 0.729) to the approximately 8th-9th grade level. Neither platform generated PEMs written below the recommended 6th-grade reading level. ChatGPT-3.5 demonstrated significantly more favorable post-conversion readability scores, percentage change in readability scores, and conversion time compared to Bard (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: AI dialogue platforms can enhance the readability of PEMs for patients with AS but may not fully meet recommended reading skill levels, highlighting potential tools to help strengthen cardiac health literacy in the future.

OCCULT PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF PARATHYROID ULTRASONOGRAPHY.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the diagnosis and management of occult primary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: We present the biochemical and radiologic evaluation, treatment, and outcome of a woman with occult primary hyperparathyroidism which presented as an unusual neck mass on ultrasound. We also present a relevant literature review. RESULTS: A 52-year-old female presented with Hashimoto thyroiditis and a 1.2-cm, hypoechoic oval nodule in the left upper lateral portion of the thyroid. She returned a decade later with a 2.2-cm, hypervascular mass on ultrasound. Parathyroid hormone was mildly elevated at 90 pg/mL (reference range is 15 to 65 pg/mL), but she had persistently normal levels of total serum calcium at 9.9 mg/dL (reference range is 8.7 to 10.3 mg/dL), phosphorus at 3.5 mg/dL (reference range is 2.1 to 4.5 mg/dL), and albumin at 4.4 g/dL (reference range is 3.6 to 4.8 g/dL). She had elevated ionized calcium of 5.9 mg/dL (reference range is 4.5 to 5.6 mg/dL). Computed tomography with contrast of the neck revealed an enhancing oval lesion abutting the superior pole of the left thyroid with attenuation characteristics similar though slightly different from the thyroid. 99mTc-Sestamibi scan showed increased uptake posterior to the superior aspect of the left thyroid. Bone densitometry showed osteoporosis of the left distal radius and osteopenia of the left femoral neck. Minimally invasive radio-guided parathyroidectomy was performed with normalization of parathyroid hormone. Pathology confirmed a 1.715-g parathyroid adenoma. CONCLUSION: Despite normal total calcium levels, clinically significant primary hyperparathyroidism may present as a large adenoma which could appear as a hypervascular neck mass on ultrasound. A high index of suspicion based on ultrasound features and measurement of ionized calcium may be helpful in diagnosing occult, but clinically relevant primary hyperparathyroidism.